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The span of Theorem E's involution class, span(1, u, ū, v̄² + e v², β v̄³ + ζ v² + e v³) with v = u/s, is Theorem F's cyclic space D2b for the pencil (s X, X² + β s²)

Proved
DiazModulus.laurent_involution_class_space_cyclic_form

by carlok · Oct 23, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

diaz-modulus-leannumber-theorytranscendence

Let u∈Cu \in \mathbb{C}u∈C be transcendental, that is, u∉Q‾u \notin \overline{\mathbb{Q}}u∈/Q​ (the algebraic numbers); spans and linear independence are over Q‾\overline{\mathbb{Q}}Q​. Let s∈Q‾s \in \overline{\mathbb{Q}}s∈Q​ with s2=uuˉs^2 = u\bar us2=uuˉ, put v=u/sv = u/sv=u/s, and let e,β,ζ∈Q‾e, \beta, \zeta \in \overline{\mathbb{Q}}e,β,ζ∈Q​ with β≠0\beta \neq 0β=0. Then there are P′,Q′,S1,S2∈Q‾[X]P', Q', S_1, S_2 \in \overline{\mathbb{Q}}[X]P′,Q′,S1​,S2​∈Q​[X] with P′(u)=suP'(u) = suP′(u)=su, Q′(u)=u2+βs2Q'(u) = u^2 + \beta s^2Q′(u)=u2+βs2, S1(u)=s/β+(e/s)u2S_1(u) = s/\beta + (e/s)u^2S1​(u)=s/β+(e/s)u2 and S2(u)=(ζ/s)u2S_2(u) = (\zeta/s)u^2S2​(u)=(ζ/s)u2, such that P′,Q′P', Q'P′,Q′ are coprime, max⁡(deg⁡P′,deg⁡Q′)=2\max(\deg P', \deg Q') = 2max(degP′,degQ′)=2, deg⁡S1,deg⁡S2≤2\deg S_1, \deg S_2 \leq 2degS1​,degS2​≤2, and span(1,u,uˉ,vˉ2+ev2,βvˉ3+ζv2+ev3)=span(1,u,u−1,Q′(u)S1(u)/(uP′(u)),Q′(u)(Q′(u)S1(u)+P′(u)S2(u))/(uP′(u)2))\mathrm{span}(1, u, \bar u, \bar v^2 + ev^2, \beta\bar v^3 + \zeta v^2 + ev^3) = \mathrm{span}(1, u, u^{-1}, Q'(u)S_1(u)/(uP'(u)), Q'(u)(Q'(u)S_1(u) + P'(u)S_2(u))/(uP'(u)^2))span(1,u,uˉ,vˉ2+ev2,βvˉ3+ζv2+ev3)=span(1,u,u−1,Q′(u)S1​(u)/(uP′(u)),Q′(u)(Q′(u)S1​(u)+P′(u)S2​(u))/(uP′(u)2)).

The left side is the space of Theorem E's involution class (Q), which asks in addition eeˉ=1e\bar e = 1eeˉ=1, ββˉ=1\beta\bar\beta = 1ββˉ​=1 and ζ=−βe2ζˉ\zeta = -\beta e^2\bar\zetaζ=−βe2ζˉ​; the identity needs none of these, and no dimension hypothesis. So every hull of class (Q) has Theorem F's shape (D2b), with P′=sXP' = sXP′=sX and Q′=X2+βs2Q' = X^2 + \beta s^2Q′=X2+βs2.

Proof. As u≠0u \neq 0u=0, s≠0s \neq 0s=0; and sss is real, since s2=uuˉ=∣u∣2>0s^2 = u\bar u = |u|^2 > 0s2=uuˉ=∣u∣2>0. So uˉ=s2/u\bar u = s^2/uuˉ=s2/u and vˉ=s/u\bar v = s/uvˉ=s/u. Take P′=sXP' = sXP′=sX and Q′=X2+βs2Q' = X^2 + \beta s^2Q′=X2+βs2, coprime by the Bézout identity −(βs3)−1X⋅P′+(βs2)−1Q′=1-(\beta s^3)^{-1}X\cdot P' + (\beta s^2)^{-1}Q' = 1−(βs3)−1X⋅P′+(βs2)−1Q′=1, with max⁡(deg⁡P′,deg⁡Q′)=2\max(\deg P', \deg Q') = 2max(degP′,degQ′)=2; and S1=s/β+(e/s)X2S_1 = s/\beta + (e/s)X^2S1​=s/β+(e/s)X2, S2=(ζ/s)X2S_2 = (\zeta/s)X^2S2​=(ζ/s)X2. Write n0=vˉ2+ev2n_0 = \bar v^2 + ev^2n0​=vˉ2+ev2, n1=βvˉ3+ζv2+ev3n_1 = \beta\bar v^3 + \zeta v^2 + ev^3n1​=βvˉ3+ζv2+ev3, g1=Q′(u)S1(u)/(uP′(u))g_1 = Q'(u)S_1(u)/(uP'(u))g1​=Q′(u)S1​(u)/(uP′(u)) and g2=Q′(u)(Q′(u)S1(u)+P′(u)S2(u))/(uP′(u)2)g_2 = Q'(u)(Q'(u)S_1(u) + P'(u)S_2(u))/(uP'(u)^2)g2​=Q′(u)(Q′(u)S1​(u)+P′(u)S2​(u))/(uP′(u)2). Two exact identities hold: g1−n0=βe+β−1g_1 - n_0 = \beta e + \beta^{-1}g1​−n0​=βe+β−1 and g2−n1=βζ+((2βe+β−1)/s) u+((β2e+2)/s) uˉg_2 - n_1 = \beta\zeta + ((2\beta e + \beta^{-1})/s)\,u + ((\beta^2e + 2)/s)\,\bar ug2​−n1​=βζ+((2βe+β−1)/s)u+((β2e+2)/s)uˉ. With uˉ=s2u−1\bar u = s^2u^{-1}uˉ=s2u−1 and u−1=s−2uˉu^{-1} = s^{-2}\bar uu−1=s−2uˉ, each generator of either span is an explicit Q‾\overline{\mathbb{Q}}Q​-combination of the generators of the other, and the two inclusions are checked by field arithmetic. No dimension or independence argument is used, and none of the constraints eeˉ=ββˉ=1e\bar e = \beta\bar\beta = 1eeˉ=ββˉ​=1, ζ=−βe2ζˉ\zeta = -\beta e^2\bar\zetaζ=−βe2ζˉ​ of class (Q).

Novelty. Not found in the sources read; routine. An identity of spans that writes Theorem E's involution class (Q) in the coordinates of Theorem F: every hull of class (Q) has shape (D2b), with the pencil (sX,X2+βs2)(sX, X^2 + \beta s^2)(sX,X2+βs2), whose ratio Q′(u)/P′(u)=(u+βuˉ)/sQ'(u)/P'(u) = (u + \beta\bar u)/sQ′(u)/P′(u)=(u+βuˉ)/s is that of the configuration of class (Q). That configuration is in print: the proof of Diaz (2004, Théorème 2), at x=(1,(u+βuˉ)/s)x = (1, (u + \beta\bar u)/s)x=(1,(u+βuˉ)/s); also Diaz (2007, Théorème 4(1)).

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_DiazModulus
Formal statement
open Complex ComplexConjugate

namespace DiazModulus

open Polynomial in
theorem laurent_involution_class_space_cyclic_form (u s : ℂ) (hu : u ∉ Qbar) (hs : s ∈ Qbar) (hss : s * s = u * conj u)
    (e β ζ : ℂ) (he : e ∈ Qbar) (hβ : β ∈ Qbar) (hζ : ζ ∈ Qbar) (hβ0 : β ≠ 0) :
    ∃ P' Q' S₁ S₂ : (↥Qbar)[X], aeval u P' = s * u ∧ aeval u Q' = u ^ 2 + β * s ^ 2 ∧
      aeval u S₁ = s / β + e / s * u ^ 2 ∧ aeval u S₂ = ζ / s * u ^ 2 ∧
      IsCoprime P' Q' ∧ max P'.natDegree Q'.natDegree = 2 ∧ S₁.natDegree ≤ 2 ∧ S₂.natDegree ≤ 2 ∧
      Submodule.span Qbar ({1, u, conj u, conj (u / s) ^ 2 + e * (u / s) ^ 2, β * conj (u / s) ^ 3 + ζ * (u / s) ^ 2 + e * (u / s) ^ 3} : Set ℂ) =
        Submodule.span Qbar ({1, u, u⁻¹, aeval u Q' * aeval u S₁ / (u * aeval u P'),
          aeval u Q' * (aeval u Q' * aeval u S₁ + aeval u P' * aeval u S₂) / (u * aeval u P' ^ 2)} : Set ℂ) := by
  sorry

end DiazModulus
Source
Not found in the sources read. Theorem E's involution class (Q) (DiazModulus.laurent_conj_hull_two_by_three_configuration_iff) in the coordinates of Theorem F (DiazModulus.rational_conj_hull_two_by_three_configuration_iff). The configuration of class (Q) is in print: the proof of G. Diaz, Utilisation de la conjugaison complexe dans l'étude de la transcendance de valeurs de la fonction exponentielle usuelle, J. Théor. Nombres Bordeaux 16 (2004), 535–553, Théorème 2, at x = (1, (u + βū)/s); also G. Diaz, Produits et quotients de combinaisons linéaires de logarithmes de nombres algébriques : conjectures et résultats partiels, J. Théor. Nombres Bordeaux 19 (2007), 373–391, Théorème 4(1). R21a of the Diaz modulus mission. Formal proof: Diaz modulus mission, 23 October 2026 (C. Perassi).

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