For real variables p , s , a , b , c p,s,a,b,c p , s , a , b , c , set
K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K . K=a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca),\qquad S=p^2+s^2,\qquad C=S+K. K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( ab + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K .
The shear components and wall rates are
P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a b − 2 b c + a c , P=Kp-2a^2+b^2+c^2+ab-2bc+ac, P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab − 2 b c + a c ,
Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + a b − a c ) , Q=Ks+\sqrt{3}(-b^2+c^2+ab-ac), Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + ab − a c ) ,
r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s . r_1=-S+2p,\qquad r_2=-S-p+\sqrt{3}s,\qquad r_3=-S-p-\sqrt{3}s. r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s .
These functions define the normalized vacuum Bianchi IX vector field
( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) (P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 y=(m,u,v,w)\in\mathbb R^4 y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 , define
K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( u v + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) , K(u,v,w)=u^2+v^2+w^2-2(uv+vw+wu),\qquad \kappa=u(v+w-u), K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( uv + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) ,
F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − m κ , F u = 1 2 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u , F_m=-v^2+w^2+u(v-w)-m\kappa,\qquad
F_u=\tfrac12(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)u, F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − mκ , F u = 2 1 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u ,
F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) , F_v=(m-1-\kappa)v,\qquad F_w=(-m-1-\kappa)w,\qquad
F=(F_m,F_u,F_v,F_w), F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) ,
and E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 E(m,v)=(m-1)^2+v^2 E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
For x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) x=(p,s,a,b,c) x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) , put
ψ ( p , z ) = 3 z 1 + p , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c ) ) . \psi(p,z)=\frac{\sqrt3\,z}{1+p},\qquad
\Pi(x)=(\psi(p,s),\psi(p,a),\psi(p,b),\psi(p,c)). ψ ( p , z ) = 1 + p 3 z , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c )) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , set D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(y)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) and
Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , A m 3 , A u 3 , A v 3 , A w 3 ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6 / D ( y ) ( y ) . \Xi_A(y)=\left(A-1,\frac{Am}{\sqrt3},\frac{Au}{\sqrt3},
\frac{Av}{\sqrt3},\frac{Aw}{\sqrt3}\right),\qquad
\Xi(y)=\Xi_{6/D(y)}(y). Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , 3 A m , 3 A u , 3 A v , 3 A w ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6/ D ( y ) ( y ) .
Write N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) N(x)=(P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) for the normalized vector field
and C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) \mathcal C(x)=C(p,s,a,b,c) C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) for its constraint.
The normalized and projective state spaces are R 5 \mathbb R^5 R 5 and R 4 \mathbb R^4 R 4
with their finite-product norms. The maps Π , Ξ , D , F \Pi,\Xi,D,F Π , Ξ , D , F act on these state spaces.
The projective vector field in normalized time is
G ( y ) = 6 D ( y ) F ( y ) . G(y)=\frac6{D(y)}F(y). G ( y ) = D ( y ) 6 F ( y ) .
Write X = R 5 X=\mathbb R^5 X = R 5 , Y = R 4 Y=\mathbb R^4 Y = R 4 , and let α x , t 0 \alpha_{x,t_0} α x , t 0 be the
maximal solution of α ′ = N ( α ) \alpha'=N(\alpha) α ′ = N ( α ) with initial value x x x at t 0 t_0 t 0
and domain I max ( x , t 0 ) I_{\max}(x,t_0) I m a x ( x , t 0 ) . Put
J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) , J_{x,t_0}(t)=d_x\alpha_{x,t_0}(t),\qquad
\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)=\Pi(\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)), J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t )) ,
J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y . \mathcal J_{y,t_0}(t)=d\Pi_{\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)}
\circ J_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)\circ d\Xi_y. J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y .
On the invariant plane with zero active wall, use y = ( m , u , w ) ∈ R 3 y=(m,u,w)\in\mathbb R^3 y = ( m , u , w ) ∈ R 3 ,
the inclusion ι ( m , u , w ) = ( m , u , 0 , w ) \iota(m,u,w)=(m,u,0,w) ι ( m , u , w ) = ( m , u , 0 , w ) and the restriction
π s ( m , u , v , w ) = ( m , u , w ) \pi_s(m,u,v,w)=(m,u,w) π s ( m , u , v , w ) = ( m , u , w ) . Define
f ( y ) = ( m u 2 − ( m + 1 ) u w + w 2 , 1 − m 2 − w 2 + u 2 2 u , − ( m + 1 + u w − u 2 ) w ) , f(y)=\left(mu^2-(m+1)uw+w^2,
\frac{1-m^2-w^2+u^2}{2}u,-(m+1+uw-u^2)w\right), f ( y ) = ( m u 2 − ( m + 1 ) u w + w 2 , 2 1 − m 2 − w 2 + u 2 u , − ( m + 1 + u w − u 2 ) w ) ,
Δ ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + ( u − w ) 2 , f o ( y ) = 6 f ( y ) / Δ ( y ) . \Delta(y)=3+m^2+(u-w)^2,\qquad f_o(y)=6f(y)/\Delta(y). Δ ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + ( u − w ) 2 , f o ( y ) = 6 f ( y ) /Δ ( y ) .
Write J = d f J=df J = df , H = d 2 f H=d^2f H = d 2 f , J o = d f o J_o=df_o J o = d f o , H o = d 2 f o H_o=d^2f_o H o = d 2 f o for their explicit
Jacobian and Hessian expressions. The denominator derivatives are
d Δ = ( 2 m , 2 ( u − w ) , 2 ( w − u ) ) d\Delta=(2m,2(u-w),2(w-u)) d Δ = ( 2 m , 2 ( u − w ) , 2 ( w − u )) and
d 2 Δ ( v , z ) = 2 v 0 z 0 + 2 ( v 1 − v 2 ) ( z 1 − z 2 ) d^2\Delta(v,z)=2v_0z_0+2(v_1-v_2)(z_1-z_2) d 2 Δ ( v , z ) = 2 v 0 z 0 + 2 ( v 1 − v 2 ) ( z 1 − z 2 ) .
The exact original-time boundary flow and its projected variation are
Φ ( y , t ) = π s Ψ 0 ( ι y , t ) , L ( y , t ) = π s J ι y , 0 ( t ) ι . \Phi(y,t)=\pi_s\Psi_0(\iota y,t),\qquad
L(y,t)=\pi_s\mathcal J_{\iota y,0}(t)\iota. Φ ( y , t ) = π s Ψ 0 ( ιy , t ) , L ( y , t ) = π s J ιy , 0 ( t ) ι .
For a fixed scale K K K , set Φ K ( y , s ) = Φ ( y , K s ) \Phi_K(y,s)=\Phi(y,Ks) Φ K ( y , s ) = Φ ( y , K s ) ,
L K ( y , s ) = L ( y , K s ) L_K(y,s)=L(y,Ks) L K ( y , s ) = L ( y , K s ) and Q K ( y , s ) = d y L K ( y , s ) Q_K(y,s)=d_yL_K(y,s) Q K ( y , s ) = d y L K ( y , s ) .
For directions v , z v,z v , z , define
S K ( y , s ; v , z ) = K [ H o ( Φ K ) ( L K v , L K z ) + J o ( Φ K ) Q K ( v , z ) ] . S_K(y,s;v,z)=K\left[H_o(\Phi_K)(L_Kv,L_Kz)+J_o(\Phi_K)Q_K(v,z)\right]. S K ( y , s ; v , z ) = K [ H o ( Φ K ) ( L K v , L K z ) + J o ( Φ K ) Q K ( v , z ) ] .
All vector norms are sup norms, and operator norms are induced by them.
Write b ( y ) = ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ b(y)=|u|+|w| b ( y ) = ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ , E ( y ) = e 512 b ( y ) E(y)=e^{512b(y)} E ( y ) = e 512 b ( y ) , v s = ( v 1 , v 2 ) v_s=(v_1,v_2) v s = ( v 1 , v 2 ) , and
H ( y ; v , z ) = b ( y ) ∥ v ∥ ∥ z ∥ + ∥ v s ∥ ∥ z ∥ + ∥ v ∥ ∥ z s ∥ , \mathcal H(y;v,z)=b(y)\|v\|\|z\|+\|v_s\|\|z\|+\|v\|\|z_s\|, H ( y ; v , z ) = b ( y ) ∥ v ∥∥ z ∥ + ∥ v s ∥∥ z ∥ + ∥ v ∥∥ z s ∥ ,
B 2 ( y ) = 192 b ( y ) ( 40000 E ( y ) 3 ) + 10000 E ( y ) 2 . B_2(y)=192b(y)(40000E(y)^3)+10000E(y)^2. B 2 ( y ) = 192 b ( y ) ( 40000 E ( y ) 3 ) + 10000 E ( y ) 2 .
The closed boundary region is
S c = { ( m , u , 0 , w ) : ∣ m − c ∣ ≤ 1 / 10 , ∣ u ∣ , ∣ w ∣ ≤ 1 / 100 } \mathcal S_c=\{(m,u,0,w):|m-c|\leq1/10,\ |u|,|w|\leq1/100\} S c = {( m , u , 0 , w ) : ∣ m − c ∣ ≤ 1/10 , ∣ u ∣ , ∣ w ∣ ≤ 1/100 } .
The boundary projection P ( m , u , w ) P(m,u,w) P ( m , u , w ) is the limit of Φ ( m , u , w ; t ) 0 \Phi(m,u,w;t)_0 Φ ( m , u , w ; t ) 0
as t → ∞ t\to\infty t → ∞ , using the total limit convention of the formal definitions.
Set r = ( m + 1 ) 2 + w 2 r=\sqrt{(m+1)^2+w^2} r = ( m + 1 ) 2 + w 2 and
A ( m ) = m m 2 − 1 , C ( m ) = − 2 m + 1 , Θ ( m , u , w ) = r − 1 + A ( m ) u 2 + C ( m ) u w . A(m)=\frac{m}{m^2-1},\quad C(m)=-\frac2{m+1},\quad
\Theta(m,u,w)=r-1+A(m)u^2+C(m)uw. A ( m ) = m 2 − 1 m , C ( m ) = − m + 1 2 , Θ ( m , u , w ) = r − 1 + A ( m ) u 2 + C ( m ) u w .
Its explicit gradient is used together with the residual
R = r 4 u 4 + r 3 u 3 w + r 2 u 2 w 2 + r 1 u w 3 R=r_4u^4+r_3u^3w+r_2u^2w^2+r_1uw^3 R = r 4 u 4 + r 3 u 3 w + r 2 u 2 w 2 + r 1 u w 3 , where
r 4 = − 2 m ( m 2 − 1 ) 2 , r 3 = 2 ( 3 m − 1 ) ( m 2 − 1 ) 2 , r_4=-\frac{2m}{(m^2-1)^2},\quad r_3=\frac{2(3m-1)}{(m^2-1)^2}, r 4 = − ( m 2 − 1 ) 2 2 m , r 3 = ( m 2 − 1 ) 2 2 ( 3 m − 1 ) ,
r 2 = − m 2 + 1 ( m 2 − 1 ) 2 − m m 2 − 1 + r + 1 r ( r + m + 1 ) , r 1 = 2 ( m + 1 ) 2 + 1 m + 1 − 1 r + m + 1 . r_2=-\frac{m^2+1}{(m^2-1)^2}-\frac m{m^2-1}
+\frac{r+1}{r(r+m+1)},\quad
r_1=\frac2{(m+1)^2}+\frac1{m+1}-\frac1{r+m+1}. r 2 = − ( m 2 − 1 ) 2 m 2 + 1 − m 2 − 1 m + r ( r + m + 1 ) r + 1 , r 1 = ( m + 1 ) 2 2 + m + 1 1 − r + m + 1 1 .
Write L = m + 1 L=m+1 L = m + 1 , b = ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ b=|u|+|w| b = ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ , v s = ( v 1 , v 2 ) v_s=(v_1,v_2) v s = ( v 1 , v 2 ) , and set
W b ( v ) = b ∥ v ∥ + ∥ v s ∥ , H s ( y ; v , z ) = ∣ u ∣ ∥ v ∥ ∥ z ∥ + ∣ v 0 ∣ ∣ z 1 ∣ + ∣ v 1 ∣ ∣ z 0 ∣ + b ( ∣ v 1 ∣ ∥ z ∥ + ∥ v ∥ ∣ z 1 ∣ ) . W_b(v)=b\|v\|+\|v_s\|,\quad
H_s(y;v,z)=|u|\|v\|\|z\|+|v_0||z_1|+|v_1||z_0|
+b(|v_1|\|z\|+\|v\||z_1|). W b ( v ) = b ∥ v ∥ + ∥ v s ∥ , H s ( y ; v , z ) = ∣ u ∣∥ v ∥∥ z ∥ + ∣ v 0 ∣∣ z 1 ∣ + ∣ v 1 ∣∣ z 0 ∣ + b ( ∣ v 1 ∣∥ z ∥ + ∥ v ∥∣ z 1 ∣ ) .
The corrected and quadratic remainders are
R c = P − Θ , R q = P − ( m + A ( m ) u 2 + C ( m ) u w + w 2 2 L ) . R_c=P-\Theta,\quad R_q=P-\left(m+A(m)u^2+C(m)uw+\frac{w^2}{2L}\right). R c = P − Θ , R q = P − ( m + A ( m ) u 2 + C ( m ) u w + 2 L w 2 ) .
For K ∈ R K\in\mathbb R K ∈ R , let a i ( K , y ) = 6 K r 4 − i ( m , w ) / Δ ( y ) a_i(K,y)=6K r_{4-i}(m,w)/\Delta(y) a i ( K , y ) = 6 K r 4 − i ( m , w ) /Δ ( y ) ,
where r 4 , r 3 r_4,r_3 r 4 , r 3 are independent of w w w , and put
M ( y ) = ( u 3 , u 2 w , u w 2 , w 3 ) , C K ( y ) = ∑ i = 0 3 a i ( K , y ) M i ( y ) , M(y)=(u^3,u^2w,uw^2,w^3),\quad C_K(y)=\sum_{i=0}^3a_i(K,y)M_i(y), M ( y ) = ( u 3 , u 2 w , u w 2 , w 3 ) , C K ( y ) = i = 0 ∑ 3 a i ( K , y ) M i ( y ) ,
g K , s ( y ) = 6 K Δ ( Φ K ( y , s ) ) R ( Φ K ( y , s ) ) . g_{K,s}(y)=\frac{6K}{\Delta(\Phi_K(y,s))}R(\Phi_K(y,s)). g K , s ( y ) = Δ ( Φ K ( y , s )) 6 K R ( Φ K ( y , s )) .
The cubic derivative budgets are
B 1 ( y ; v ) = b 3 ∥ v ∥ + 3 b 2 ∥ v s ∥ , B_1(y;v)=b^3\|v\|+3b^2\|v_s\|, B 1 ( y ; v ) = b 3 ∥ v ∥ + 3 b 2 ∥ v s ∥ ,
B 2 c ( y ; v , z ) = b 3 ∥ v ∥ ∥ z ∥ + 3 b 2 ( ∥ v ∥ ∥ z s ∥ + ∥ v s ∥ ∥ z ∥ ) + 6 b ∥ v s ∥ ∥ z s ∥ . B_2^c(y;v,z)=b^3\|v\|\|z\|
+3b^2(\|v\|\|z_s\|+\|v_s\|\|z\|)+6b\|v_s\|\|z_s\|. B 2 c ( y ; v , z ) = b 3 ∥ v ∥∥ z ∥ + 3 b 2 ( ∥ v ∥∥ z s ∥ + ∥ v s ∥∥ z ∥ ) + 6 b ∥ v s ∥∥ z s ∥.
A direction is radial if its last two coordinates vanish, and transverse
if its zeroth coordinate vanishes.
Assume E 0 ≥ 1 E_0\geq1 E 0 ≥ 1 , q ≥ 0 q\geq0 q ≥ 0 ,
∣ y 1 ∣ , ∣ y 2 ∣ ≤ 1 / 200 |y_1|,|y_2|\leq1/200 ∣ y 1 ∣ , ∣ y 2 ∣ ≤ 1/200 , and vectors a , d a,d a , d satisfy
∥ a ∥ ≤ E 0 ∥ v ∥ , ∥ d ∥ ≤ E 0 ∥ z ∥ , \|a\|\leq E_0\|v\|,\quad\|d\|\leq E_0\|z\|, ∥ a ∥ ≤ E 0 ∥ v ∥ , ∥ d ∥ ≤ E 0 ∥ z ∥ ,
∣ a 0 ∣ ≤ ∣ v 0 ∣ + 1000 b E 0 ∥ v ∥ , ∣ d 0 ∣ ≤ ∣ z 0 ∣ + 1000 b E 0 ∥ z ∥ , |a_0|\leq|v_0|+1000bE_0\|v\|,\quad
|d_0|\leq|z_0|+1000bE_0\|z\|, ∣ a 0 ∣ ≤ ∣ v 0 ∣ + 1000 b E 0 ∥ v ∥ , ∣ d 0 ∣ ≤ ∣ z 0 ∣ + 1000 b E 0 ∥ z ∥ ,
∣ a 1 ∣ ≤ ( ∣ v 1 ∣ + 200 ∣ y 1 ∣ E 0 ∥ v ∥ ) q , ∣ d 1 ∣ ≤ ( ∣ z 1 ∣ + 200 ∣ y 1 ∣ E 0 ∥ z ∥ ) q . |a_1|\leq(|v_1|+200|y_1|E_0\|v\|)q,\quad
|d_1|\leq(|z_1|+200|y_1|E_0\|z\|)q. ∣ a 1 ∣ ≤ ( ∣ v 1 ∣ + 200∣ y 1 ∣ E 0 ∥ v ∥ ) q , ∣ d 1 ∣ ≤ ( ∣ z 1 ∣ + 200∣ y 1 ∣ E 0 ∥ z ∥ ) q .
If ∣ ξ 1 ∣ ≤ ∣ y 1 ∣ q |\xi_1|\leq|y_1|q ∣ ξ 1 ∣ ≤ ∣ y 1 ∣ q and b ( ξ ) ≤ b ( y ) b(\xi)\leq b(y) b ( ξ ) ≤ b ( y ) , then
H s ( ξ ; a , d ) ≤ 5000 E 0 2 H s ( y ; v , z ) q . H_s(\xi;a,d)\leq5000E_0^2H_s(y;v,z)q. H s ( ξ ; a , d ) ≤ 5000 E 0 2 H s ( y ; v , z ) q .