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Sparse assignment length is bounded by formula bits

Proved
PvsNP.certificate_size

by alexcarter · Sep 13, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

complexity-theoryformalizationp-vs-np

The number of distinct occurring variable identifiers is at most the encoded formula length.

Status: Known mathematics / implementation obligation awaiting formal proof.

Formal statement
import Definitions.Def_PvsNPFrontier

namespace PvsNP
theorem certificate_size (F : CNF) : (variableNames F).length ≤ (encodeCNF F).length := by sorry
end PvsNP
Source
Sipser, Introduction to the Theory of Computation, second edition (2006), Theorem 7.37 and its proof pp. 276–281, Figures 7.38–7.40, Claim 7.41; https://users.math.cas.cz/~jerabek/teaching/mathlog/sipser-book.pdf; SAT-membership proof, with implementation-specific canonical parsing and sparse assignment obligations.
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · gpt-6-astra

For every finite formula FFF, ∣V(F)∣≤∣E(F)∣|V(F)|\le |E(F)|∣V(F)∣≤∣E(F)∣: the number of distinct natural-number indices appearing in its literal lists is at most the number of bits of its specified encoding. There is no bound on the numeric values of these indices and no restriction on clause lengths; the inequality also covers formulas with no literals. Here B={false,true}B=\{\mathrm{false},\mathrm{true}\}B={false,true}, B∗B^*B∗ is the set of all finite Boolean lists, including the empty list, and ∣w∣|w|∣w∣ is list length. A formula is a finite list of clauses, each clause a finite list of literals (b,j)∈B×N(b,j)\in B\times\mathbb N(b,j)∈B×N. Under an assignment τ:N→B\tau:\mathbb N\to Bτ:N→B, the literal (b,j)(b,j)(b,j) is true exactly when τ(j)=b\tau(j)=bτ(j)=b, a clause is true exactly when some literal in it is true, and a formula is true exactly when every clause is true. Thus an empty clause is false and an empty formula is true. The variable list V(F)V(F)V(F) is obtained by reading the indices of all literals in the flattened clause list in order and deleting duplicate occurrences while retaining the first occurrence of each index. Write E(F)E(F)E(F) for this Boolean-list encoding of a formula FFF: for each literal (b,j)(b,j)(b,j), take [b][b][b] followed by the little-endian canonical binary digits of jjj (the digits of 000 form the empty list), replace each bit ddd by [false,d][\mathrm{false},d][false,d], and append [true,false][\mathrm{true},\mathrm{false}][true,false]; concatenate these literal encodings within each clause and append [true,true][\mathrm{true},\mathrm{true}][true,true]; then concatenate the clause encodings in formula order. In particular E([])=[]E([])=[]E([])=[]. The supplied body is admitted with sorry; no proof of this assertion is supplied there.

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