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A Möbius map sending C^m,α\widehat C_{m,\alpha}Cm,α​ into C^m,β\widehat C_{m,\beta}Cm,β​ carries VαV_\alphaVα​ onto VβV_\betaVβ​

Proved
CurveSymmetry.family_mobius_complex_transport

by carlok · Oct 7, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

algebraic-geometrycurve-symmetry-leaneuclidean-geometry

Let m≥1m\ge1m≥1 be an integer and let α,β∈C\alpha,\beta\in\mathbb Cα,β∈C with α≠αˉ\alpha\ne\bar\alphaα=αˉ and β≠βˉ\beta\ne\bar\betaβ=βˉ​; no condition on their moduli is imposed. For γ∈{α,β}\gamma\in\{\alpha,\beta\}γ∈{α,β} let C^m,γ\widehat C_{m,\gamma}Cm,γ​ be the closure in the Riemann sphere C^=C∪{∞}\widehat{\mathbb C}=\mathbb C\cup\{\infty\}C=C∪{∞} of Cm,γ={z∈C:Re⁡(zm(∣z∣2+γ))=0}C_{m,\gamma}=\{z\in\mathbb C:\operatorname{Re}\bigl(z^m(|z|^2+\gamma)\bigr)=0\}Cm,γ​={z∈C:Re(zm(∣z∣2+γ))=0}. For x=(x0,x1)x=(x_0,x_1)x=(x0​,x1​) and y=(y0,y1)y=(y_0,y_1)y=(y0​,y1​) in C2\mathbb C^2C2 let

Fγ(x,y)=γ x0mx1 y1m+1+x0m+1y0 y1m+γˉ x1m+1y0m y1+x0 x1m y0m+1,F_\gamma(x,y)=\gamma\,x_0^m x_1\,y_1^{m+1}+x_0^{m+1}y_0\,y_1^m+\bar\gamma\,x_1^{m+1}y_0^m\,y_1+x_0\,x_1^m\,y_0^{m+1},Fγ​(x,y)=γx0m​x1​y1m+1​+x0m+1​y0​y1m​+γˉ​x1m+1​y0m​y1​+x0​x1m​y0m+1​,

the bihomogenization of Pγ(X,Y)=Xm(γ+XY)+Ym(γˉ+XY)P_\gamma(X,Y)=X^m(\gamma+XY)+Y^m(\bar\gamma+XY)Pγ​(X,Y)=Xm(γ+XY)+Ym(γˉ​+XY), and let Vγ={([x],[y])∈P1×P1:Fγ(x,y)=0}V_\gamma=\{([x],[y])\in\mathbb P^1\times\mathbb P^1:F_\gamma(x,y)=0\}Vγ​={([x],[y])∈P1×P1:Fγ​(x,y)=0}.

Let g∈GL2(C)g\in\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb C)g∈GL2​(C) with rows (a,b)(a,b)(a,b) and (c,d)(c,d)(c,d) be any invertible matrix, Mg(z)=az+bcz+dM_g(z)=\frac{az+b}{cz+d}Mg​(z)=cz+daz+b​ the Möbius transformation of C^\widehat{\mathbb C}C it defines, and gˉ\bar ggˉ​ the matrix with conjugated entries; GL2(C)\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb C)GL2​(C) acts on P1\mathbb P^1P1 by h [x]=[hx]h\,[x]=[hx]h[x]=[hx]. Assume only the inclusion Mg(C^m,α)⊆C^m,βM_g(\widehat C_{m,\alpha})\subseteq\widehat C_{m,\beta}Mg​(Cm,α​)⊆Cm,β​. Then for every (p1,p2)∈P1×P1(p_1,p_2)\in\mathbb P^1\times\mathbb P^1(p1​,p2​)∈P1×P1

(g p1, gˉ p2)∈Vβ  ⟺  (p1,p2)∈Vα.(g\,p_1,\ \bar g\,p_2)\in V_\beta\iff(p_1,p_2)\in V_\alpha.(gp1​, gˉ​p2​)∈Vβ​⟺(p1​,p2​)∈Vα​.

In the proof of Theorem 2 a holomorphic Möbius map MMM acts on the complexification by (X,Y)↦(M(X),M‾(Y))(X,Y)\mapsto(M(X),\overline M(Y))(X,Y)↦(M(X),M(Y)), and the Zariski density of the infinite real locus shows that an equivalence of the spherical real loci carries VαV_\alphaVα​ onto VβV_\betaVβ​. This is that step for holomorphic maps, on all of P1×P1\mathbb P^1\times\mathbb P^1P1×P1, boundary points included.

Formalization Note: Möbius maps are arbitrary matrices in GL (Fin 2) ℂ acting on the sphere OnePoint ℂ and on P1\mathbb P^1P1 = Projectivization ℂ (Fin 2 → ℂ); membership in VγV_\gammaVγ​ is tested on chosen representatives, which is harmless by bihomogeneity.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_CurveSymmetry_01_RealLoci
import Definitions.Def_CurveSymmetry_02_FamilyBasics
import Definitions.Def_CurveSymmetry_03_IsometriesAndCharts
import Mathlib.Algebra.MvPolynomial.Nilpotent
import Mathlib.Algebra.MvPolynomial.NoZeroDivisors
import Mathlib.Algebra.MvPolynomial.PDeriv
import Mathlib.Algebra.Polynomial.FieldDivision
import Mathlib.Algebra.Polynomial.Reverse
import Mathlib.Analysis.Complex.Isometry
import Mathlib.Analysis.Complex.OperatorNorm
import Mathlib.Analysis.Complex.Polynomial.Basic
import Mathlib.Analysis.Normed.Affine.MazurUlam
import Mathlib.Data.Complex.Basic
import Mathlib.FieldTheory.Separable
import Mathlib.RingTheory.MvPolynomial.Homogeneous
import Mathlib.RingTheory.MvPolynomial.IrreducibleQuadratic
import Mathlib.RingTheory.Polynomial.Eisenstein.Criterion
import Mathlib.RingTheory.Polynomial.GaussLemma
import Mathlib.RingTheory.RootsOfUnity.Complex
import Mathlib.RingTheory.RootsOfUnity.PrimitiveRoots
import Mathlib.Tactic
import Mathlib.Topology.Compactification.OnePoint.ProjectiveLine

open CurveSymmetry
set_option autoImplicit false
open MvPolynomial
Formal statement
theorem CurveSymmetry.family_mobius_complex_transport {m : ℕ} (hm : 0 < m) {α β : ℂ}
    (ha : α ≠ star α) (hb : β ≠ star β) (g : MobiusMatrix)
    (hmap : ∀ p ∈ sphericalFamily m α, g • p ∈ sphericalFamily m β)
    (p : ProjectiveLine × ProjectiveLine) :
    complexifiedMobius g p ∈ familyProjectiveCurve m β ↔ p ∈ familyProjectiveCurve m α := by sorry
Source
C. Perassi, Sharp symmetry bounds for real algebraic curves (note), proof of Theorem 2, p. 4, https://github.com/carlok/curve-symmetry-lean/blob/d99bc17a1c397956c05d7417de50f9beed56580f/sharp_symmetry_bounds.pdf. Lean: https://github.com/carlok/curve-symmetry-lean/blob/d99bc17a1c397956c05d7417de50f9beed56580f/lean/FamilyGlobalTransport.lean (C. Perassi)
Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Oct 7, 2026

    Confirmed by the moderator at approval.

  • Endorsed by carlok · Oct 7, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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