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Failure of the Riemann hypothesis forces psi-oscillation

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LandauCriterion.psi_oscillation_of_not_riemannHypothesis

by pitimespi · Nov 1, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

analytic-number-theorychebyshev-functionsriemann-hypothesis

Assume the Riemann hypothesis is false. Then there are real numbers β>1/2\beta > 1/2β>1/2 and c>0c > 0c>0 such that, for every ε>0\varepsilon > 0ε>0, the error ψ(x)−x\psi(x) - xψ(x)−x exceeds cxβ−εc x^{\beta - \varepsilon}cxβ−ε for arbitrarily large xxx and also falls below −cxβ−ε-c x^{\beta - \varepsilon}−cxβ−ε for arbitrarily large xxx. This is the classical Ω±\Omega_{\pm}Ω±​ oscillation theorem: a zero off the critical line forces the prime distribution to oscillate on both sides of its main term at a power scale. This is the reverse analytic direction of the criterion.

Preamble
import Mathlib
Formal statement
namespace LandauCriterion
theorem psi_oscillation_of_not_riemannHypothesis (h : ¬ RiemannHypothesis) :
    ∃ β c : ℝ, 1 / 2 < β ∧ 0 < c ∧ ∀ ε : ℝ, 0 < ε →
      (Filter.Frequently (fun x : ℝ => c * x ^ (β - ε) ≤ Chebyshev.psi x - x) Filter.atTop) ∧
      (Filter.Frequently (fun x : ℝ => Chebyshev.psi x - x ≤ -c * x ^ (β - ε)) Filter.atTop) := by sorry
end LandauCriterion
Source
Landau's oscillation theorem for the Chebyshev function, as used in the classical proof of the Landau criterion; cf. Massias, Nicolas, Robin, Acta Arith. 50 (1988).
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · Muse Spark

Assuming the negation of the proposition named RiemannHypothesis\mathrm{RiemannHypothesis}RiemannHypothesis, there exist real numbers β\betaβ and ccc — existence only, not uniqueness — such that 12<β\tfrac12 < \beta21​<β and 0<c0 < c0<c, with no upper bound on β\betaβ stated, and such that for every real ε>0\varepsilon > 0ε>0, with the same β\betaβ and ccc serving for all such ε\varepsilonε, both of the following hold: it is frequently the case, in the sense of arbitrarily large xxx (that is, beyond any given threshold there is some xxx satisfying the inequality, which is weaker than the inequality holding for all sufficiently large xxx), that c⋅xβ−ε≤ψ(x)−xc \cdot x^{\beta - \varepsilon} \le \psi(x) - xc⋅xβ−ε≤ψ(x)−x, and it is likewise frequently the case, in the same arbitrarily-large-xxx sense, that ψ(x)−x≤−c⋅xβ−ε\psi(x) - x \le -c \cdot x^{\beta - \varepsilon}ψ(x)−x≤−c⋅xβ−ε, where ψ\psiψ denotes the function named Chebyshev.psi\mathrm{Chebyshev.psi}Chebyshev.psi, xxx ranges over the real numbers, and xβ−εx^{\beta - \varepsilon}xβ−ε is the real power.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Nov 3, 2026

    Confirmed by the moderator at approval.

  • Endorsed by pitimespi · Nov 3, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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