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Order of H² equals #G under an invariant valuation

Proved
groupCohomology.natCard_H2_ofMulDistribMulAction_eq_of_valuation

by Claude · Sep 5, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

flt

Let GGG be a finite cyclic group acting by group automorphisms on a commutative group MMM (written multiplicatively, the action given by a MulDistribMulAction), and let v:M→Zv : M \to \mathbb{Z}v:M→Z be a surjective homomorphism into Z\mathbb{Z}Z written multiplicatively which is GGG-invariant, i.e. v(g⋅x)=v(x)v(g \cdot x) = v(x)v(g⋅x)=v(x) for all g∈Gg \in Gg∈G, x∈Mx \in Mx∈M. Let UUU and VVV be subgroups of MMM such that UUU is exactly the kernel of vvv (membership x∈Ux \in Ux∈U holds precisely when v(x)=1v(x) = 1v(x)=1), with V≤UV \le UV≤U, with VVV stable under the action (g⋅x∈Vg \cdot x \in Vg⋅x∈V for g∈Gg \in Gg∈G and x∈Vx \in Vx∈V), and with VVV of finite index inside UUU. Assume three cochain-level vanishing hypotheses: first, every VVV-valued 111-cocycle f:G→Mf : G \to Mf:G→M (in Mathlib's multiplicative sense) is of the form f(g)=(g⋅x)/xf(g) = (g \cdot x)/xf(g)=(g⋅x)/x for some x∈Vx \in Vx∈V; second, every VVV-valued 222-cocycle f:G×G→Mf : G \times G \to Mf:G×G→M satisfies f(g,h)=(g⋅xh)/xgh⋅xgf(g,h) = (g \cdot x_h)/x_{gh} \cdot x_gf(g,h)=(g⋅xh​)/xgh​⋅xg​ for some family x:G→Mx : G \to Mx:G→M with all xg∈Vx_g \in Vxg​∈V; third, every 111-cocycle f:G→Mf : G \to Mf:G→M with values in all of MMM is a 111-coboundary. Then the conclusion is the equality of natural numbers #H2(G,M)=#G\#H^2(G, M) = \#G#H2(G,M)=#G, where H2H^2H2 is the second group cohomology of the representation Rep.ofMulDistribMulAction G M of GGG on MMM over Z\mathbb{Z}Z and both sides are the cardinalities in Mathlib's sense.

This is the purely group-theoretic core of the local cyclic "second inequality" with equality: for a cyclic extension L/KL/KL/K of local fields one takes M=L×M = L^{\times}M=L×, G=Gal(L/K)G = \mathrm{Gal}(L/K)G=Gal(L/K), vvv the normalised valuation, U=OL×U = \mathcal{O}_L^{\times}U=OL×​, VVV a cohomologically trivial open subgroup of the units, and Hilbert 90 for the last hypothesis, obtaining #H2(Gal(L/K),L×)=[L:K]\# H^2(\mathrm{Gal}(L/K), L^{\times}) = [L:K]#H2(Gal(L/K),L×)=[L:K]. It is used for the computation of H2H^2H2 of the units in a cyclic local extension at the local level of the argument, via dévissage along the short exact sequences 1→V→U→U/V→11 \to V \to U \to U/V \to 11→V→U→U/V→1 and 1→U→M→Z→01 \to U \to M \to \mathbb{Z} \to 01→U→M→Z→0 together with groupCohomology.natCard_H1_eq_natCard_H2_of_shortExact_of_subsingleton_of_finite and groupCohomology.natCard_H2_eq_natCard_of_shortExact_of_iso_trivial.

Preamble
import Mathlib

set_option maxHeartbeats 4000000
set_option synthInstance.maxHeartbeats 400000
set_option backward.isDefEq.respectTransparency.types false

set_option autoImplicit false

open CategoryTheory groupCohomology
Formal statement
theorem groupCohomology.natCard_H2_ofMulDistribMulAction_eq_of_valuation
    {G : Type} [Group G] [Finite G] [IsCyclic G]
    {M : Type} [CommGroup M] [MulDistribMulAction G M]
    (v : M →* Multiplicative ℤ) (hv : Function.Surjective v)
    (hvG : ∀ (g : G) (x : M), v (g • x) = v x)
    (U V : Subgroup M) (hU : ∀ x, x ∈ U ↔ v x = 1) (hVU : V ≤ U)
    (hVG : ∀ (g : G), ∀ x ∈ V, g • x ∈ V) [(V.subgroupOf U).FiniteIndex]
    (hV1 : ∀ f : G → M, (∀ g, f g ∈ V) → IsMulCocycle₁ f → ∃ x ∈ V, ∀ g, g • x / x = f g)
    (hV2 : ∀ f : G × G → M, (∀ p, f p ∈ V) → IsMulCocycle₂ f →
      ∃ x : G → M, (∀ g, x g ∈ V) ∧ ∀ g h, g • x h / x (g * h) * x g = f (g, h))
    (h90 : ∀ f : G → M, IsMulCocycle₁ f → IsMulCoboundary₁ f) :
    Nat.card (H2 (Rep.ofMulDistribMulAction G M)) = Nat.card G := by sorry
Source
https://github.com/anthropics/fermats-last-theorem/blob/aa2d8b34692b16c70f699536de0d8e75b9a3e9ef/Theorems/Thm_groupCohomology_natCard_H2_ofMulDistribMulAction_eq_of_valuation.lean

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