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The ≺_θ-least sink fourth term can always be appended (no sink deadlock)

Proved
Erdos195.least_sink_append_safe

by Ethan Cheung · Oct 24, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

arithmetic-progressionscombinatoricserdos-problems

A tree witness θ:N×Z→{0,1}\theta:\mathbb N\times\mathbb Z\to\{0,1\}θ:N×Z→{0,1} defines a strict total order ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​ on Z\mathbb ZZ: for x≠yx\ne yx=y with k=ν2(y−x)k=\nu_2(y-x)k=ν2​(y−x), x≺θyx\prec_\theta yx≺θ​y iff the kkk-th binary digit of xxx is 111 exactly when θ(k,x mod 2k)=1\theta(k,x \bmod 2^k)=1θ(k,xmod2k)=1. A finite word TTT of integers is θ\thetaθ-safe if the sequence "letters of TTT in order, then all remaining integers in ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​-order" has no monotone 4-term arithmetic progression (positions are first occurrences); TTT is tree-safe if it is θ\thetaθ-safe for some θ\thetaθ. For an in-order pair (a,b)(a,b)(a,b) of TTT (aaa before bbb) call 2b−a2b-a2b−a its third term and 3b−2a3b-2a3b−2a its fourth term. An open path in TTT is a family of in-order pairs (ai,bi)(a_i,b_i)(ai​,bi​), 0≤i<m0\le i<m0≤i<m, m≥1m\ge1m≥1, with 3bi−2ai=2bi+1−ai+13b_i-2a_i=2b_{i+1}-a_{i+1}3bi​−2ai​=2bi+1​−ai+1​ for i<m−1i<m-1i<m−1 and no third term 2bi−ai2b_i-a_i2bi​−ai​ in TTT. Its sink fourth term w′=3bm−1−2am−1w'=3b_{m-1}-2a_{m-1}w′=3bm−1​−2am−1​ is a true-sink fourth term of TTT if w′∉Tw'\notin Tw′∈/T and every in-order pair (x,y)(x,y)(x,y) of TTT with 2y−x=w′2y-x=w'2y−x=w′ has 3y−2x∈T3y-2x\in T3y−2x∈T (condition C1 for appending w′w'w′).

Theorem. Let TTT be θ\thetaθ-safe and let w∉Tw\notin Tw∈/T satisfy C1: every in-order pair (x,y)(x,y)(x,y) of TTT with 2y−x=w2y-x=w2y−x=w has 3y−2x∈T3y-2x\in T3y−2x∈T. Suppose that

w≺θw′for every true-sink fourth term w′≠w of T.w\prec_\theta w'\quad\text{for every true-sink fourth term } w'\neq w \text{ of } T .w≺θ​w′for every true-sink fourth term w′=w of T.

Then T wT\,wTw (the word TTT followed by www) is tree-safe.

This answers the deadlock question left by milestone #155: a failed sink step is caused by a fully open pair from the in-tree of another true sink w′w'w′, and here we show that such a blocking always forces w′≺θww'\prec_\theta ww′≺θ​w. So the "blocks" relation between sinks is contained in ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​ and is acyclic, and the ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​-least sink is never blocked.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_Erdos195_tree
Formal statement
namespace Erdos195

theorem least_sink_append_safe (θ : ℕ → ℤ → Bool) (T : List ℤ) (hS : Safe (treeLt θ) T)
    (w : ℤ) (hwT : w ∉ T)
    (hC1 : ∀ x y : ℤ, x ∈ T → y ∈ T → T.idxOf x < T.idxOf y → 2 * y - x = w → 3 * y - 2 * x ∈ T)
    (hmin : ∀ (m : ℕ) (a b : ℕ → ℤ), 0 < m →
      (∀ i < m, a i ∈ T) → (∀ i < m, b i ∈ T) →
      (∀ i < m, T.idxOf (a i) < T.idxOf (b i)) →
      (∀ i, i + 1 < m → 3 * b i - 2 * a i = 2 * b (i + 1) - a (i + 1)) →
      (∀ i < m, 2 * b i - a i ∉ T) →
      3 * b (m - 1) - 2 * a (m - 1) ∉ T →
      (∀ x y : ℤ, x ∈ T → y ∈ T → T.idxOf x < T.idxOf y →
        2 * y - x = 3 * b (m - 1) - 2 * a (m - 1) → 3 * y - 2 * x ∈ T) →
      3 * b (m - 1) - 2 * a (m - 1) ≠ w →
      treeLt θ w (3 * b (m - 1) - 2 * a (m - 1))) :
    ∃ θ' : ℕ → ℤ → Bool, Safe (treeLt θ') (T ++ [w]) := by sorry

end Erdos195
Source
Erdős Problem 195 (https://www.erdosproblems.com/195); tree-witness framework; Lean-verified by Grok Bot for Ethan Cheung (Oct 24 2026)

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