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Explicit two-sided bound for log⁡L(1,χ)\log L(1,\chi)logL(1,χ) under ℜs>7/8\Re s>7/8ℜs>7/8 zero-freeness

Proved
QRHLittlewood.littlewood_two_sided_explicit

by @bwdaugherty · 1 vote · Oct 16, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

analytic-number-theorynumber-theory

Let q≥10100q\ge10^{100}q≥10100 and let χ\chiχ be a primitive real Dirichlet character modulo qqq such that L(s,χ)≠0L(s,\chi)\neq0L(s,χ)=0 for every complex sss with ℜs>7/8\Re s>7/8ℜs>7/8. Then

∣log⁡L(1,χ)∣ ≤ log⁡log⁡log⁡q+3.2914,|\log L(1,\chi)|\ \le\ \log\log\log q+3.2914,∣logL(1,χ)∣ ≤ logloglogq+3.2914,

so that L(1,χ)≤e3.2914log⁡log⁡qL(1,\chi)\le e^{3.2914}\log\log qL(1,χ)≤e3.2914loglogq and L(1,χ)≥e−3.2914/log⁡log⁡qL(1,\chi)\ge e^{-3.2914}/\log\log qL(1,χ)≥e−3.2914/loglogq.

Formalization Note log⁡\loglog is the principal complex logarithm; for a real character L(1,χ)L(1,\chi)L(1,χ) is a positive real number, so this is the real logarithm.

Preamble
import Mathlib.NumberTheory.Harmonic.EulerMascheroni
import Mathlib.NumberTheory.LSeries.DirichletContinuation

open Real
Formal statement
namespace QRHLittlewood

theorem littlewood_two_sided_explicit (q : ℕ) [NeZero q] (hq : (10 : ℝ) ^ 100 ≤ q)
    (χ : DirichletCharacter ℂ q) (hprim : χ.IsPrimitive) (hreal : ∀ a : ZMod q, (χ a).im = 0)
    (hH : ∀ s : ℂ, 7 / 8 < s.re → DirichletCharacter.LFunction χ s ≠ 0) :
    ‖Complex.log (DirichletCharacter.LFunction χ 1)‖ ≤
      Real.log (Real.log (Real.log q)) + 32914 / 10000 := by sorry

end QRHLittlewood
Source
B. W. Daugherty, S. Ryan, G. Ward, Certified harmonic-measure barriers and explicit Littlewood bounds from zero-free regions, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23400116, Theorem 2(i), a=7/8a=7/8a=7/8, q≥10100q\ge10^{100}q≥10100.
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · claude-opus-5-5

Statement. Let qqq be a natural number with q≠0q\neq 0q=0 and 10100≤q10^{100}\le q10100≤q. Let χ\chiχ be a C\mathbb{C}C-valued Dirichlet character modulo qqq such that

  1. χ\chiχ is primitive (its conductor equals qqq);
  2. χ\chiχ is real-valued: Im⁡χ(a)=0\operatorname{Im}\chi(a)=0Imχ(a)=0 for all a∈Z/qZa\in\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}a∈Z/qZ;
  3. L(s,χ)≠0L(s,\chi)\neq 0L(s,χ)=0 for every complex sss with Re⁡s>7/8\operatorname{Re}s>7/8Res>7/8.

Then

∣Log⁡L(1,χ)∣  ≤  log⁡log⁡log⁡q+3.2914,\bigl|\operatorname{Log}L(1,\chi)\bigr|\;\le\;\log\log\log q+3.2914,​LogL(1,χ)​≤logloglogq+3.2914,

where 3.2914=32914/100003.2914=32914/100003.2914=32914/10000 exactly, log⁡\loglog is the natural logarithm, and Log⁡\operatorname{Log}Log is the principal branch of the complex logarithm, Log⁡z=log⁡∣z∣+iarg⁡z\operatorname{Log}z=\log|z|+i\arg zLogz=log∣z∣+iargz with arg⁡z∈(−π,π]\arg z\in(-\pi,\pi]argz∈(−π,π] (and Mathlib's convention Log⁡0=0\operatorname{Log}0=0Log0=0). The absolute value is the complex modulus, so the left side equals (log⁡∣L(1,χ)∣)2+(arg⁡L(1,χ))2\sqrt{(\log|L(1,\chi)|)^2+(\arg L(1,\chi))^2}(log∣L(1,χ)∣)2+(argL(1,χ))2​.

Here L(s,χ)L(s,\chi)L(s,χ) is Mathlib's Dirichlet LLL-function: the unique meromorphic continuation to all of C\mathbb{C}C of ∑n≥1χ(n)n−s\sum_{n\ge1}\chi(n)n^{-s}∑n≥1​χ(n)n−s (built from Hurwitz zeta functions); it is a total function C→C\mathbb{C}\to\mathbb{C}C→C, and at a pole (only possible at s=1s=1s=1 for the trivial character) it returns a fixed finite junk value. "Primitive" means the conductor of χ\chiχ (the least d∣qd\mid qd∣q through which χ\chiχ factors) equals qqq. "Real-valued" means Im⁡χ(a)=0\operatorname{Im}\chi(a)=0Imχ(a)=0 for every residue class a∈Z/qZa\in\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}a∈Z/qZ, including non-units (where χ(a)=0\chi(a)=0χ(a)=0 anyway).

Edge cases.

  • For q≥10100q\ge10^{100}q≥10100, log⁡log⁡log⁡q≥log⁡5.44≈1.69>0\log\log\log q\ge\log 5.44\approx1.69>0logloglogq≥log5.44≈1.69>0, so the right side is a positive, genuine value.
  • As in the companion statements, q≥3q\ge3q≥3 plus primitivity excludes the trivial character, so χ\chiχ is primitive quadratic and L(1,χ)L(1,\chi)L(1,χ) is a genuine value; the statement is vacuous for moduli with no primitive real character. Hypothesis 3 is a conditional zero-free half-plane assumption for this χ\chiχ.
  • The bound is two-sided in log⁡∣L(1,χ)∣\log|L(1,\chi)|log∣L(1,χ)∣: it gives both ∣L(1,χ)∣≤eR|L(1,\chi)|\le e^{R}∣L(1,χ)∣≤eR and ∣L(1,χ)∣≥e−R|L(1,\chi)|\ge e^{-R}∣L(1,χ)∣≥e−R with R=log⁡log⁡log⁡q+3.2914R=\log\log\log q+3.2914R=logloglogq+3.2914. It also bounds the argument: if L(1,χ)L(1,\chi)L(1,χ) were a negative real number, the left side would include the term π2\pi^2π2 under the square root. The statement does not itself assert that L(1,χ)L(1,\chi)L(1,χ) is positive or real.
Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Oct 16, 2026

    Confirmed by the moderator at approval.

  • Endorsed by @bwdaugherty · Oct 16, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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