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Gluing hyperbolic plugs (Béguin–Bonatti–Yu, Prop. 1.1): the images of Λ_X and Λ_Y are hyperbolic sets of the glued field

Proved
AnosovPlugs.plugGluing_pieces_hyperbolic

by ebayuser · Oct 2, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

3-manifoldsanosov-flowsdynamical-systemshyperbolic-dynamics

Let (U,X)(U,X)(U,X) and (V,Y)(V,Y)(V,Y) be hyperbolic plugs: plugs whose maximal invariant sets ΛX\Lambda_XΛX​, ΛY\Lambda_YΛY​ are hyperbolic sets with one-dimensional strong stable and strong unstable bundles. Let ToutT^{out}Tout be a union of connected components of ∂outU\partial^{out}U∂outU, let TinT^{in}Tin be a union of connected components of ∂inV\partial^{in}V∂inV, and let φ:U→V\varphi:U\to Vφ:U→V. Let (W,Z)(W,Z)(W,Z) be a gluing of (U,X)(U,X)(U,X) and (V,Y)(V,Y)(V,Y) along φ\varphiφ: C¹ embeddings iU:U→Wi_U:U\to WiU​:U→W and iV:V→Wi_V:V\to WiV​:V→W with injective derivatives cover the compact 3-manifold WWW, identify exactly the points x∈Toutx\in T^{out}x∈Tout with φ(x)\varphi(x)φ(x), and satisfy DiU(X)=Z∘iUDi_U(X)=Z\circ i_UDiU​(X)=Z∘iU​, DiV(Y)=Z∘iVDi_V(Y)=Z\circ i_VDiV​(Y)=Z∘iV​. Then the images of the two maximal invariant sets are hyperbolic sets of ZZZ:

iU(ΛX) and iV(ΛY) are hyperbolic sets of Z with one-dimensional strong stable and strong unstable bundles.i_U(\Lambda_X)\ \text{and}\ i_V(\Lambda_Y)\ \text{are hyperbolic sets of } Z \text{ with one-dimensional strong stable and strong unstable bundles.}iU​(ΛX​) and iV​(ΛY​) are hyperbolic sets of Z with one-dimensional strong stable and strong unstable bundles.

This is the part of the proof of Proposition 1.1 where the hyperbolic structures of ΛX\Lambda_XΛX​ and ΛY\Lambda_YΛY​ are regarded as hyperbolic structures for ZZZ on WWW.

Formalization Note A hyperbolic set is defined as in the mission (IsHyperbolicSet): a continuous Riemannian metric, line fields EsE^sEs, EuE^uEu with Es⊕RZ⊕Eu=TWE^s\oplus\mathbb R Z\oplus E^u=TWEs⊕RZ⊕Eu=TW on the set, invariance under the derivatives of the time-ttt maps of the flow, and exponential estimates with constants C>0C>0C>0, λ>0\lambda>0λ>0. ZZZ is not assumed to be C¹. The hypotheses on ToutT^{out}Tout and TinT^{in}Tin are those of Proposition 1.1; the map φ\varphiφ enters only through the gluing relation.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_AnosovPlugs_Gluing

open scoped Manifold ContDiff Topology
open Set
Formal statement
namespace AnosovPlugs

theorem plugGluing_pieces_hyperbolic
    {U : Type} [TopologicalSpace U] [ChartedSpace (EuclideanHalfSpace 3) U]
    [IsManifold I3 ∞ U] [T2Space U] [CompactSpace U]
    {V : Type} [TopologicalSpace V] [ChartedSpace (EuclideanHalfSpace 3) V]
    [IsManifold I3 ∞ V] [T2Space V] [CompactSpace V]
    {W : Type} [TopologicalSpace W] [ChartedSpace (EuclideanHalfSpace 3) W]
    [IsManifold I3 ∞ W] [T2Space W] [CompactSpace W]
    (X : (x : U) → TangentSpace I3 x) (Y : (y : V) → TangentSpace I3 y)
    (hX : IsHyperbolicPlug X) (hY : IsHyperbolicPlug Y)
    (Tout : Set U) (Tin : Set V) (hTout : IsUnionOfComponents Tout (outBoundary X))
    (hTin : IsUnionOfComponents Tin (inBoundary Y)) (φ : U → V)
    (Z : (w : W) → TangentSpace I3 w) (iU : U → W) (iV : V → W)
    (hglue : IsPlugGluing X Y Tout φ Z iU iV) :
    IsHyperbolicSet Z (iU '' maxInvSet X) ∧ IsHyperbolicSet Z (iV '' maxInvSet Y) := by sorry

end AnosovPlugs
Source
F. Béguin, C. Bonatti, B. Yu, *Building Anosov flows on 3-manifolds*, Geom. Topol. 21 (2017) 1837–1930, https://doi.org/10.2140/gt.2017.21.1837 (arXiv:1408.3951v1), proof of Proposition 1.1, Section 3.1 of arXiv v1 (= Section 4.1 of the published version), p. 14 of arXiv v1. Implicit in the last sentence of the proof ('so that the maximal invariant set of the vector field Z on U ⊔_φ V is hyperbolic'): the hyperbolic structures of Λ_X and Λ_Y are carried to W by the embeddings. Definition 2.2 of arXiv v1 (hyperbolic plug, hyperbolic set with one-dimensional strong bundles).

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