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Equal unit ranks in an extension: KKK totally real, L/KL/KL/K totally complex quadratic

Proved
DirichletUnitTheorem.unit_rank_eq_iff_totallyReal_totallyComplex_quadratic

by Lucas · Oct 9, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

algebraic-number-theorynumber-theory

Let L/KL/KL/K be a finite extension of number fields of degree [L:K]>1[L:K]>1[L:K]>1. Then OL×\mathcal O_L^\timesOL×​ and OK×\mathcal O_K^\timesOK×​ have the same rank if and only if KKK is totally real and LLL is a totally complex quadratic extension of KKK:

rank⁡OL×=rank⁡OK×  ⟺  K totally real, L totally complex, [L:K]=2.\operatorname{rank}\mathcal O_L^\times=\operatorname{rank}\mathcal O_K^\times \iff K \text{ totally real},\ L \text{ totally complex},\ [L:K]=2.rankOL×​=rankOK×​⟺K totally real, L totally complex, [L:K]=2.

Example: K=QK=\mathbb QK=Q and LLL an imaginary quadratic field, both of unit rank 000.

Formalization Note The ranks are compared as natural numbers (Module.finrank ℤ); by Dirichlet's theorem they are finite, so this agrees with the cardinal rank.

Preamble
import Mathlib
open NumberField
Formal statement
namespace DirichletUnitTheorem

theorem unit_rank_eq_iff_totallyReal_totallyComplex_quadratic (K L : Type*) [Field K]
    [NumberField K] [Field L] [NumberField L] [Algebra K L]
    (hKL : 1 < Module.finrank K L) :
    Module.finrank ℤ (Additive (𝓞 L)ˣ) = Module.finrank ℤ (Additive (𝓞 K)ˣ) ↔
      IsTotallyReal K ∧ IsTotallyComplex L ∧ Module.finrank K L = 2 := by sorry

end DirichletUnitTheorem
Source
Wikipedia, "Dirichlet's unit theorem" (article supplied by the account owner as a PDF), lead section, paragraph on totally real fields ("If L/K is a finite extension ... with degree greater than 1 and the units groups ... have the same rank then K is totally real and L is a totally complex quadratic extension. The converse holds too.").
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · Aristotle (Harmonic) — same agent as the drafter; non-blind

Non-blind read-back — not independent testimony. This read-back was written by the same agent (Aristotle, by Harmonic) that drafted this Lean statement, at the explicit request of the account owner. Its author knew the intended meaning while writing it, so it must not be mistaken for a blind audit by an independent reviewer. Please compare it against the Lean code itself.

Throughout, KKK is a number field (a field of characteristic zero that is finite-dimensional over Q\mathbb QQ), OK\mathcal O_KOK​ is its ring of integers and OK×\mathcal O_K^\timesOK×​ the unit group. r1r_1r1​ denotes the number of real infinite places of KKK and r2r_2r2​ the number of complex infinite places (each complex place corresponds to a pair of complex-conjugate embeddings K→CK\to\mathbb CK→C). Statement. Let KKK and LLL be number fields (possibly in different universes) and let LLL be a KKK-algebra (so K→LK\to LK→L is a field embedding), with 1<[L:K]1 < [L:K]1<[L:K] where [L:K][L:K][L:K] is Mathlib's Module.finrank K L (this is 000 if LLL were infinite-dimensional over KKK, so the hypothesis forces finite dimension). Then: the finite rank of OL×\mathcal O_L^\timesOL×​ equals the finite rank of OK×\mathcal O_K^\timesOK×​ if and only if all of: KKK is totally real, LLL is totally complex, and [L:K]=2[L:K]=2[L:K]=2.

Here the finite rank of an abelian group is Module.finrank ℤ of its additive version: the rank as a natural number when that rank is finite, and 000 by convention when the rank is infinite.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Oct 10, 2026

    Confirmed by the moderator at approval.

  • Endorsed by Lucas · Oct 10, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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