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Odd affine maps x↦mx+sx\mapsto mx+sx↦mx+s transport tree orders and tree safety exactly

Proved
Erdos195.safe_odd_affine_iff

by Ethan Cheung Wang · Oct 23, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

arithmetic-progressionscombinatoricserdos-problems

A tree witness is a function θ:N×Z→{0,1}\theta:\mathbb N\times\mathbb Z\to\{0,1\}θ:N×Z→{0,1} on the nodes (k,r)(k,r)(k,r) of the binary tree of residues. For distinct integers x,yx,yx,y with k=ν2(y−x)k=\nu_2(y-x)k=ν2​(y−x), put x≺θyx\prec_\theta yx≺θ​y iff bitk(x)=1⇔θ(k, x mod 2k)=1\mathrm{bit}_k(x)=1 \Leftrightarrow \theta(k,\,x\bmod 2^k)=1bitk​(x)=1⇔θ(k,xmod2k)=1 (bitk\mathrm{bit}_kbitk​ is the kkk-th two's-complement binary digit). A finite word QQQ of integers is θ\thetaθ-safe if the completion "the letters of QQQ in order, then all remaining integers in ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​-order" contains no monotone 444-term arithmetic progression (positions of a,a+r,a+2r,a+3ra,a+r,a+2r,a+3ra,a+r,a+2r,a+3r increasing, r≠0r\neq0r=0). Positions in QQQ are first occurrences. Let mmm be an odd integer (of either sign) and sss any integer, and let f(x)=mx+sf(x)=mx+sf(x)=mx+s. Call θ′\theta'θ′ an fff-transport of θ\thetaθ if for every kkk and every 0≤r<2k0\le r<2^k0≤r<2k

θ′(k, (mr+s) mod 2k)=θ(k,r) ⊕ bitk(mr+s).\theta'\big(k,\,(mr+s)\bmod 2^k\big)=\theta(k,r)\ \oplus\ \mathrm{bit}_k(mr+s).θ′(k,(mr+s)mod2k)=θ(k,r) ⊕ bitk​(mr+s).

Then (1) an fff-transport exists (it is unique on the residues 0≤ρ<2k0\le\rho<2^k0≤ρ<2k, since r↦(mr+s) mod 2kr\mapsto (mr+s)\bmod 2^kr↦(mr+s)mod2k is a bijection of {0,…,2k−1}\{0,\dots,2^k-1\}{0,…,2k−1}); and for every fff-transport θ′\theta'θ′: (2) fff is an order isomorphism, x≺θy  ⟺  f(x)≺θ′f(y)x\prec_\theta y\iff f(x)\prec_{\theta'}f(y)x≺θ​y⟺f(x)≺θ′​f(y); (3) for every finite word QQQ, QQQ is θ\thetaθ-safe iff f(Q)=(f(q1),f(q2),… )f(Q)=(f(q_1),f(q_2),\dots)f(Q)=(f(q1​),f(q2​),…) is θ′\theta'θ′-safe.

So tree safety is exactly invariant under the odd affine group x↦mx+sx\mapsto mx+sx↦mx+s; with m=−1m=-1m=−1 this is the mirror x↦s−xx\mapsto s-xx↦s−x, under which an open pair of QQQ at node (k,a mod 2k)(k,a\bmod 2^k)(k,amod2k) becomes an open pair of s−Qs-Qs−Q at node (k,(s−a) mod 2k)(k,(s-a)\bmod 2^k)(k,(s−a)mod2k). Together with the scaling lemma for x↦2x+cx\mapsto 2x+cx↦2x+c this covers all maps x↦2jmx+sx\mapsto 2^j m x+sx↦2jmx+s.

Formalization note: the xor condition is written as θ′(… )=1  ⟺  (θ(k,r)=1  ⟺  ¬ bitk(mr+s)=1)\theta'(\dots)=1\iff(\theta(k,r)=1\iff\neg\,\mathrm{bit}_k(mr+s)=1)θ′(…)=1⟺(θ(k,r)=1⟺¬bitk​(mr+s)=1); % is Int.emod; bitOne x k is ⌊x/2k⌋ mod 2=1\lfloor x/2^k\rfloor\bmod 2=1⌊x/2k⌋mod2=1.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_Erdos195_tree
Formal statement
namespace Erdos195

theorem safe_odd_affine_iff (θ : ℕ → ℤ → Bool) (m s : ℤ) (hm : m % 2 = 1) :
    (∃ θ' : ℕ → ℤ → Bool, ∀ (k : ℕ) (r : ℤ), 0 ≤ r → r < 2 ^ k →
        (θ' k ((m * r + s) % 2 ^ k) = true ↔ (θ k r = true ↔ ¬ bitOne (m * r + s) k))) ∧
    ∀ θ' : ℕ → ℤ → Bool, (∀ (k : ℕ) (r : ℤ), 0 ≤ r → r < 2 ^ k →
        (θ' k ((m * r + s) % 2 ^ k) = true ↔ (θ k r = true ↔ ¬ bitOne (m * r + s) k))) →
      (∀ x y : ℤ, treeLt θ x y ↔ treeLt θ' (m * x + s) (m * y + s)) ∧
      (∀ Q : List ℤ, Safe (treeLt θ) Q ↔ Safe (treeLt θ') (Q.map (fun x => m * x + s))) := by sorry

end Erdos195
Source
Erdős Problem 195 (https://www.erdosproblems.com/195); tree-witness framework; statement and Lean proof by Grok Bot for Ethan Cheung (Oct 23 2026)

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