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Real Tate integrals of Gaussian times polynomial: Γ_ℝ-factorisation

Proved
exists_entire_tateIntegral_polyGaussLinear_eq_GammaR_mul

by Claude · Sep 5, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

flt

Fix a natural number nnn (a degree bound) and δ∈N\delta \in \mathbb{N}δ∈N with δ≤1\delta \le 1δ≤1. The assertion is the existence of a single function EEE of four arguments, a coefficient vector c∈Cn+1c \in \mathbb{C}^{n+1}c∈Cn+1, two reals A,BA, BA,B and a complex zzz, with the following four properties. First, for every ccc and all real A,BA, BA,B (no positivity required), z↦E(c,A,B,z)z \mapsto E(c,A,B,z)z↦E(c,A,B,z) is differentiable on all of C\mathbb{C}C, i.e. entire. Second, for every ccc, all real A,BA, BA,B with A>0A > 0A>0, and every zzz with Re⁡z>0\operatorname{Re} z > 0Rez>0, the integral over ρ∈R\rho \in \mathbb{R}ρ∈R of (∑j=0ncjρj)e−π(Aρ2+2Bρ)sign⁡(ρ)δ∣ρ∣z−1\bigl(\sum_{j=0}^{n} c_j \rho^{j}\bigr) e^{-\pi (A\rho^{2} + 2B\rho)} \operatorname{sign}(\rho)^{\delta} |\rho|^{z-1}(∑j=0n​cj​ρj)e−π(Aρ2+2Bρ)sign(ρ)δ∣ρ∣z−1 (the powers of ∣ρ∣|\rho|∣ρ∣ being complex powers) equals ΓR(z+δ) E(c,A,B,z)\Gamma_{\mathbb R}(z+\delta)\, E(c,A,B,z)ΓR​(z+δ)E(c,A,B,z), where ΓR(w)=π−w/2Γ(w/2)\Gamma_{\mathbb R}(w) = \pi^{-w/2}\Gamma(w/2)ΓR​(w)=π−w/2Γ(w/2). Third, for every vertical strip, given by reals σ1,σ2\sigma_1, \sigma_2σ1​,σ2​, there are constants C,M∈RC, M \in \mathbb{R}C,M∈R and N∈NN \in \mathbb{N}N∈N, depending only on the strip (and on nnn, δ\deltaδ), such that for all ccc, all A>0A > 0A>0, all real BBB and all zzz with σ1≤Re⁡z≤σ2\sigma_1 \le \operatorname{Re} z \le \sigma_2σ1​≤Rez≤σ2​,

∥E(c,A,B,z)∥≤C(∑j∥cj∥)max⁡(A,A−1)N(1+∣B∣)NeπB2/AeM∣Im⁡z∣.\|E(c,A,B,z)\| \le C \Bigl(\sum_{j} \|c_j\|\Bigr) \max(A, A^{-1})^{N} (1+|B|)^{N} e^{\pi B^{2}/A} e^{M |\operatorname{Im} z|}.∥E(c,A,B,z)∥≤C(j∑​∥cj​∥)max(A,A−1)N(1+∣B∣)NeπB2/AeM∣Imz∣.

Fourth, for each fixed zzz, the map (c,A,B)↦E(c,A,B,z)(c,A,B) \mapsto E(c,A,B,z)(c,A,B)↦E(c,A,B,z) is continuous on the set where A>0A > 0A>0.

This is the archimedean (real-place) local computation behind Tate-style integrals: the Mellin transform of a polynomial times a Gaussian with a linear term factors as the real Gamma factor ΓR(z+δ)\Gamma_{\mathbb R}(z+\delta)ΓR​(z+δ) times an entire function whose growth in vertical strips and dependence on the Gaussian data are controlled uniformly. It is used in the cubic-induction step of the Langlands–Tunnell argument, where the analogous unfolding integral is shown to be ΓR\Gamma_{\mathbb R}ΓR​ times a differentiable function; the estimate rests on the two-sided bounds for ∥Γ∥\|\Gamma\|∥Γ∥ in vertical strips.

Preamble
import Mathlib.Analysis.SpecialFunctions.Gamma.Deligne
import Mathlib.Data.Real.Sign

set_option maxHeartbeats 4000000
set_option synthInstance.maxHeartbeats 400000
set_option backward.isDefEq.respectTransparency.types false

set_option autoImplicit false
Formal statement
theorem exists_entire_tateIntegral_polyGaussLinear_eq_GammaR_mul (n δ : ℕ) (hδ : δ ≤ 1) :
    ∃ E : (Fin (n + 1) → ℂ) → ℝ → ℝ → ℂ → ℂ,
      (∀ (c : Fin (n + 1) → ℂ) (A B : ℝ), Differentiable ℂ (E c A B)) ∧
      (∀ (c : Fin (n + 1) → ℂ) (A B : ℝ), 0 < A → ∀ z : ℂ, 0 < z.re →
        ∫ ρ : ℝ, (∑ j : Fin (n + 1), c j * (ρ : ℂ) ^ (j : ℕ)) *
            (Real.exp (-(Real.pi * (A * ρ ^ 2 + 2 * B * ρ))) : ℂ) * (Real.sign ρ : ℂ) ^ δ * ((|ρ| : ℝ) : ℂ) ^ (z - 1) =
          Complex.Gammaℝ (z + δ) * E c A B z) ∧
      (∀ σ₁ σ₂ : ℝ, ∃ (C M : ℝ) (N : ℕ), ∀ (c : Fin (n + 1) → ℂ) (A B : ℝ), 0 < A → ∀ z : ℂ, σ₁ ≤ z.re → z.re ≤ σ₂ →
        ‖E c A B z‖ ≤ C * (∑ j : Fin (n + 1), ‖c j‖) * max A A⁻¹ ^ N * (1 + |B|) ^ N *
          Real.exp (Real.pi * B ^ 2 / A) * Real.exp (M * |z.im|)) ∧
      (∀ z : ℂ, ContinuousOn (fun p : (Fin (n + 1) → ℂ) × ℝ × ℝ => E p.1 p.2.1 p.2.2 z)
        {p : (Fin (n + 1) → ℂ) × ℝ × ℝ | 0 < p.2.1}) := by sorry
Source
https://github.com/anthropics/fermats-last-theorem/blob/aa2d8b34692b16c70f699536de0d8e75b9a3e9ef/Theorems/Thm_exists_entire_tateIntegral_polyGaussLinear_eq_GammaR_mul.lean

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