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Liouville's lower bound (4.14) for the non-zero derivatives of an integer combination of exponential monomials at lattice points

Proved
Transcendence.exp_monomials_liouville_lower

by carlok · Oct 2, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

diaz-modulus-leannumber-theorytranscendence

Let ι\iotaι be a finite set, k0∈ιk_0 \in \iotak0​∈ι and d0≤1d_0 \le 1d0​≤1, and let x1,…,xd1x_1, \dots, x_{d_1}x1​,…,xd1​​ and yjy_jyj​ (j∈ιj \in \iotaj∈ι) be vectors in Cι\mathbb{C}^\iotaCι such that every coordinate xiνx_{i\nu}xiν​ and every e⟨xi,yj⟩e^{\langle x_i, y_j\rangle}e⟨xi​,yj​⟩ is algebraic and, if d0=1d_0 = 1d0​=1, every yjk0y_{jk_0}yjk0​​ is algebraic; here ⟨w,z⟩=∑νwνzν\langle w, z\rangle = \sum_\nu w_\nu z_\nu⟨w,z⟩=∑ν​wν​zν​. There is a constant C≥1C \ge 1C≥1 with the following property. Let T≥1T \ge 1T≥1 and S1S_1S1​ be integers, N≥0N \ge 0N≥0, and

F(z)=∑τ,tpτ,t zk0τ e⟨t1x1+⋯+td1xd1, z⟩(0≤τ≤d0T, t∈{0,…,T}d1)F(z) = \sum_{\tau, t} p_{\tau,t}\, z_{k_0}^{\tau}\, e^{\langle t_1x_1 + \dots + t_{d_1}x_{d_1},\, z\rangle} \qquad (0 \le \tau \le d_0T,\ t \in \{0, \dots, T\}^{d_1})F(z)=τ,t∑​pτ,t​zk0​τ​e⟨t1​x1​+⋯+td1​​xd1​​,z⟩(0≤τ≤d0​T, t∈{0,…,T}d1​)

with integers ∣pτ,t∣≤eN|p_{\tau,t}| \le e^{N}∣pτ,t​∣≤eN. If the derivative DDD of FFF along a list of kkk coordinate directions, at a point ∑jsjyj\sum_j s_jy_j∑j​sj​yj​ with 0≤sj<S10 \le s_j < S_10≤sj​<S1​, is not zero, then

log⁡∣D∣≥−C(N+k(1+log⁡T)+T(S1+log⁡(1+k))).\log|D| \ge -C\bigl(N + k(1 + \log T) + T(S_1 + \log(1 + k))\bigr).log∣D∣≥−C(N+k(1+logT)+T(S1​+log(1+k))).

The proof of Transcendence.schneider_lang_cartesian sets it against two upper bounds: (4.16) for the derivatives of order less than nETnETnET, and the Schwarz step for the first non-vanishing one.

It is one step of the proof of Baker's theorem formalised in this mission, which follows Chapter 4 of Waldschmidt's book: Baker's theorem from the criterion of Schneider–Lang for Cartesian products, as observed by Bertrand and Masser (1980).

Novelty. None: this is (4.14) of Waldschmidt's book (§4.6, step 2, p. 137) with T0=d0TT_0 = d_0TT0​=d0​T, T1=TT_1 = TT1​=T, and a bracket of a slightly different shape from the book's N+∥σ∥log⁡T1+T0log⁡(S1+∥σ∥)+T1S1N + \|\sigma\|\log T_1 + T_0\log(S_1 + \|\sigma\|) + T_1S_1N+∥σ∥logT1​+T0​log(S1​+∥σ∥)+T1​S1​. The number field KKK, a common denominator δ\deltaδ and a bound HHH for the houses are built inside, and Liouville's inequality is Transcendence.liouville_house. The book states that c1c_1c1​ can be computed explicitly; here C=D(2+2(1+d1n)(log⁡δ+log⁡H)+log⁡(d1+1)+d0+d1+log⁡n)C = D\bigl(2 + 2(1 + d_1n)(\log\delta + \log H) + \log(d_1 + 1) + d_0 + d_1 + \log n\bigr)C=D(2+2(1+d1​n)(logδ+logH)+log(d1​+1)+d0​+d1​+logn), with D=[K:Q]D = [K : \mathbb{Q}]D=[K:Q] and n=∣ι∣n = |\iota|n=∣ι∣. The field contains the coordinates of the xix_ixi​, which step 1 of the book leaves out of it. The contribution of this node is the formal proof.

Preamble
import Mathlib
Formal statement
namespace Transcendence

/-- **Liouville's lower bound (4.14) for exponential monomials at lattice points** (Waldschmidt, *Diophantine
Approximation on Linear Algebraic Groups*, §4.6). Let the coordinates of `x₁, …, x_{d₁} ∈ ℂ^ι` and the numbers
`exp ⟨xᵢ, y_j⟩` be algebraic, let `d₀ ≤ 1`, and if `d₀ = 1` let every `y_{j k₀}` be algebraic. There is a constant
`C ≥ 1` such that for all `T ≥ 1`, `S₁`, `N ≥ 0` and integers `p_{τ,t}` with `|p_{τ,t}| ≤ e^N` (`0 ≤ τ ≤ d₀T`,
`t ∈ {0, …, T}^{d₁}`), every non-zero mixed partial derivative `D` of order `k`, along the coordinate directions
`L 0, …, L (k-1)`, of `F(z) = Σ p_{τ,t} · z_{k₀}^τ · exp ⟨t₁x₁ + ⋯ + t_{d₁}x_{d₁}, z⟩` at a lattice point
`Σ_j s_j y_j` (`0 ≤ s_j < S₁`) satisfies `log |D| ≥ -C (N + k (1 + log T) + T (S₁ + log (1 + k)))`. -/
theorem exp_monomials_liouville_lower {ι : Type*} [Fintype ι] [DecidableEq ι] {d₁ : ℕ}
    (x : Fin d₁ → ι → ℂ) (hxalg : ∀ i ν, IsAlgebraic ℚ (x i ν)) (y : ι → ι → ℂ)
    (hexp : ∀ i j, IsAlgebraic ℚ (Complex.exp (∑ ν, x i ν * y j ν))) (k₀ : ι) {d₀ : ℕ}
    (hd₀ : d₀ ≤ 1) (hy₀ : d₀ = 1 → ∀ j, IsAlgebraic ℚ (y j k₀)) :
    ∃ C : ℝ, 1 ≤ C ∧ ∀ (T S₁ : ℕ) (p : Fin (d₀ * T + 1) × (Fin d₁ → Fin (T + 1)) → ℤ) (N : ℝ)
      (s : ι → Fin S₁) (k : ℕ) (L : Fin k → ι),
      1 ≤ T → 0 ≤ N → (∀ l, |(p l : ℝ)| ≤ Real.exp N) →
      iteratedFDeriv ℂ k (fun z : ι → ℂ => ∑ l, (p l : ℂ) * (z k₀ ^ (l.1 : ℕ) *
        Complex.exp (∑ ν, (∑ i, ((l.2 i : ℕ) : ℂ) * x i ν) * z ν))) (∑ j, ((s j : ℕ) : ℂ) • y j)
        (fun l => Pi.single (L l) 1) ≠ 0 →
      -(C * (N + k * (1 + Real.log T) + T * (S₁ + Real.log (1 + k)))) ≤
        Real.log ‖iteratedFDeriv ℂ k (fun z : ι → ℂ => ∑ l, (p l : ℂ) * (z k₀ ^ (l.1 : ℕ) *
          Complex.exp (∑ ν, (∑ i, ((l.2 i : ℕ) : ℂ) * x i ν) * z ν))) (∑ j, ((s j : ℕ) : ℂ) • y j)
          (fun l => Pi.single (L l) 1)‖ := by
  sorry

end Transcendence
Source
M. Waldschmidt, Diophantine Approximation on Linear Algebraic Groups, Grundlehren 326, Springer, 2000, §4.6, step 2: (4.14) (p. 137). Formal proof: Diaz modulus mission, 2 October 2026 (C. Perassi).

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