For real variables p , s , a , b , c p,s,a,b,c p , s , a , b , c , set
K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K . K=a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca),\qquad S=p^2+s^2,\qquad C=S+K. K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( ab + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K .
The shear components and wall rates are
P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a b − 2 b c + a c , P=Kp-2a^2+b^2+c^2+ab-2bc+ac, P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab − 2 b c + a c ,
Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + a b − a c ) , Q=Ks+\sqrt{3}(-b^2+c^2+ab-ac), Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + ab − a c ) ,
r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s . r_1=-S+2p,\qquad r_2=-S-p+\sqrt{3}s,\qquad r_3=-S-p-\sqrt{3}s. r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s .
These functions define the normalized vacuum Bianchi IX vector field
( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) (P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 y=(m,u,v,w)\in\mathbb R^4 y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 , define
K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( u v + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) , K(u,v,w)=u^2+v^2+w^2-2(uv+vw+wu),\qquad \kappa=u(v+w-u), K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( uv + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) ,
F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − m κ , F u = 1 2 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u , F_m=-v^2+w^2+u(v-w)-m\kappa,\qquad
F_u=\tfrac12(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)u, F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − mκ , F u = 2 1 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u ,
F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) , F_v=(m-1-\kappa)v,\qquad F_w=(-m-1-\kappa)w,\qquad
F=(F_m,F_u,F_v,F_w), F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) ,
and E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 E(m,v)=(m-1)^2+v^2 E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
For x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) x=(p,s,a,b,c) x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) , put
ψ ( p , z ) = 3 z 1 + p , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c ) ) . \psi(p,z)=\frac{\sqrt3\,z}{1+p},\qquad
\Pi(x)=(\psi(p,s),\psi(p,a),\psi(p,b),\psi(p,c)). ψ ( p , z ) = 1 + p 3 z , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c )) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , set D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(y)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) and
Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , A m 3 , A u 3 , A v 3 , A w 3 ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6 / D ( y ) ( y ) . \Xi_A(y)=\left(A-1,\frac{Am}{\sqrt3},\frac{Au}{\sqrt3},
\frac{Av}{\sqrt3},\frac{Aw}{\sqrt3}\right),\qquad
\Xi(y)=\Xi_{6/D(y)}(y). Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , 3 A m , 3 A u , 3 A v , 3 A w ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6/ D ( y ) ( y ) .
Write N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) N(x)=(P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) for the normalized vector field
and C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) \mathcal C(x)=C(p,s,a,b,c) C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) for its constraint.
The normalized and projective state spaces are R 5 \mathbb R^5 R 5 and R 4 \mathbb R^4 R 4
with their finite-product norms. The maps Π , Ξ , D , F \Pi,\Xi,D,F Π , Ξ , D , F act on these state spaces.
Define the core radius, angle, and clock factor by
r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 , θ ( m , v ) = arsinh 1 − m v , d ( r , u , w ) = 1 − ( u − w ) 2 r 2 . r(m,v)=\sqrt{(m-1)^2+v^2},\qquad
\theta(m,v)=\operatorname{arsinh}\frac{1-m}{v},\qquad
d(r,u,w)=1-\frac{(u-w)^2}{r^2}. r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 , θ ( m , v ) = arsinh v 1 − m , d ( r , u , w ) = 1 − r 2 ( u − w ) 2 .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , write r y = r ( m , v ) r_y=r(m,v) r y = r ( m , v ) , θ y = θ ( m , v ) \theta_y=\theta(m,v) θ y = θ ( m , v ) ,
and d y = d ( r y , u , w ) d_y=d(r_y,u,w) d y = d ( r y , u , w ) . All quotients use the total convention x / 0 = 0 x/0=0 x /0 = 0 .
The core state space is R 3 \mathbb R^3 R 3 with coordinates Y = ( r , u , p ) Y=(r,u,p) Y = ( r , u , p ) .
Define
η ( m , u , v , w ) = ( r ( m , v ) , u , v w ) , ι z ( r , u , p ) = ( 1 − r tanh z , u , r cosh z , p r / cosh z ) . \eta(m,u,v,w)=(r(m,v),u,vw),\qquad
\iota_z(r,u,p)=\left(1-r\tanh z,u,\frac r{\cosh z},
\frac p{r/\cosh z}\right). η ( m , u , v , w ) = ( r ( m , v ) , u , v w ) , ι z ( r , u , p ) = ( 1 − r tanh z , u , cosh z r , r / cosh z p ) .
For fixed ( z , Y ) (z,Y) ( z , Y ) put v = r / cosh z v=r/\cosh z v = r / cosh z , w = p / v w=p/v w = p / v , d = d ( r , u , w ) d=d(r,u,w) d = d ( r , u , w ) , and define
V ( z , Y ) = ( − κ ( u , v , w ) − tanh z ( u − w ) 2 / r d , u [ − r / 2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r ) ] d , − 2 p ( 1 + κ ( u , v , w ) ) r d ) . \mathcal V(z,Y)=\left(
\frac{-\kappa(u,v,w)-\tanh z\,(u-w)^2/r}{d},\quad
\frac{u[-r/2+\tanh z+w/\cosh z+(u^2-w^2)/(2r)]}{d},\quad
\frac{-2p(1+\kappa(u,v,w))}{rd}\right). V ( z , Y ) = ( d − κ ( u , v , w ) − tanh z ( u − w ) 2 / r , d u [ − r /2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r )] , r d − 2 p ( 1 + κ ( u , v , w )) ) .
At ( z , Y ) (z,Y) ( z , Y ) use the abbreviations
s = 1 / cosh z , c = − tanh z , δ = u − w , s=1/\cosh z,\quad c=-\tanh z,\quad \delta=u-w, s = 1/ cosh z , c = − tanh z , δ = u − w ,
C = u ( v + w − u ) , a = − r / 2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r ) , g = − C + c δ 2 / r . C=u(v+w-u),\quad a=-r/2+\tanh z+w/\cosh z+(u^2-w^2)/(2r),
\quad g=-C+c\delta^2/r. C = u ( v + w − u ) , a = − r /2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r ) , g = − C + c δ 2 / r .
Let Q ( z , Y ) = ( C , d , a , g ) \mathcal Q(z,Y)=(C,d,a,g) Q ( z , Y ) = ( C , d , a , g ) . Define the 4 × 3 4\times3 4 × 3 matrix H ( z , Y ) H(z,Y) H ( z , Y )
by its rows, in the order ( C , d , a , g ) (C,d,a,g) ( C , d , a , g ) and columns ( r , u , p ) (r,u,p) ( r , u , p ) :
H C = ( u ( s − w / r ) , v − 2 u + w , u / v ) , H_C=(u(s-w/r),\ v-2u+w,\ u/v), H C = ( u ( s − w / r ) , v − 2 u + w , u / v ) ,
H d = ( 2 δ ( u − 2 w ) / r 3 , − 2 δ / r 2 , 2 δ / ( v r 2 ) ) , H_d=(2\delta(u-2w)/r^3,\ -2\delta/r^2,\ 2\delta/(vr^2)), H d = ( 2 δ ( u − 2 w ) / r 3 , − 2 δ / r 2 , 2 δ / ( v r 2 )) ,
H a = ( − 1 / 2 − s w / r + ( 3 w 2 − u 2 ) / ( 2 r 2 ) , u / r , ( 1 − w / v ) / r ) , H_a=(-1/2-sw/r+(3w^2-u^2)/(2r^2),\ u/r,\ (1-w/v)/r), H a = ( − 1/2 − s w / r + ( 3 w 2 − u 2 ) / ( 2 r 2 ) , u / r , ( 1 − w / v ) / r ) ,
H g = ( − u ( s − w / r ) + c δ ( 3 w − u ) / r 2 , − ( v − 2 u + w ) + 2 c δ / r , − u / v − 2 c δ / ( r v ) ) . H_g=(-u(s-w/r)+c\delta(3w-u)/r^2,\
-(v-2u+w)+2c\delta/r,\ -u/v-2c\delta/(rv)). H g = ( − u ( s − w / r ) + cδ ( 3 w − u ) / r 2 , − ( v − 2 u + w ) + 2 cδ / r , − u / v − 2 cδ / ( r v )) .
Define the two rates and the 2 × 3 2\times3 2 × 3 matrix J J J by
L 0 ( z , Y ) = a / d , L 1 ( z , Y ) = − 2 ( 1 + C ) / ( r d ) , L_0(z,Y)=a/d,\qquad L_1(z,Y)=-2(1+C)/(rd), L 0 ( z , Y ) = a / d , L 1 ( z , Y ) = − 2 ( 1 + C ) / ( r d ) ,
J 0 j = H a j / d − a H d j / d 2 , J_{0j}=H_{aj}/d-aH_{dj}/d^2, J 0 j = H aj / d − a H d j / d 2 ,
J 1 j = δ j 0 2 ( 1 + C ) r 2 d − 2 H C j r d + 2 ( 1 + C ) H d j r d 2 , j = 0 , 1 , 2. J_{1j}=\delta_{j0}\frac{2(1+C)}{r^2d}
-\frac{2H_{Cj}}{rd}+\frac{2(1+C)H_{dj}}{rd^2},\qquad j=0,1,2. J 1 j = δ j 0 r 2 d 2 ( 1 + C ) − r d 2 H C j + r d 2 2 ( 1 + C ) H d j , j = 0 , 1 , 2.
Here δ j 0 \delta_{j0} δ j 0 is the Kronecker symbol. The total formulas are defined
also when a wall amplitude vanishes, and use x / 0 = 0 x/0=0 x /0 = 0 .
If r ≠ 0 r\ne0 r = 0 and d ( z , Y ) ≠ 0 d(z,Y)\ne0 d ( z , Y ) = 0 ,
then, for every ξ ∈ R 3 \xi\in\mathbb R^3 ξ ∈ R 3 ,
d Y L ( z , Y ) ξ = J ( z , Y ) ξ . d_YL(z,Y)\xi=J(z,Y)\xi. d Y L ( z , Y ) ξ = J ( z , Y ) ξ .