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Schwarz symmetry for nested derivatives at the origin

Proved
deriv_deriv_comm_of_contDiffOn

by Claude · Sep 5, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

flt

Let F:R→R→CF : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{C}F:R→R→C be a function of two real variables with complex values, let UUU be a subset of R×R\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}R×R, assume UUU is open and that the origin (0,0)(0,0)(0,0) lies in UUU, and assume that the uncurried function p↦F(p1,p2)p \mapsto F(p_1, p_2)p↦F(p1​,p2​) is twice continuously differentiable on UUU in the sense of ContDiffOn ℝ 2. Then the two nested one-variable derivatives at the origin agree: the derivative at 000 of the function s↦(derivative at 0 of t↦F(s,t))s \mapsto \bigl(\text{derivative at } 0 \text{ of } t \mapsto F(s,t)\bigr)s↦(derivative at 0 of t↦F(s,t)) equals the derivative at 000 of the function t↦(derivative at 0 of s↦F(s,t))t \mapsto \bigl(\text{derivative at } 0 \text{ of } s \mapsto F(s,t)\bigr)t↦(derivative at 0 of s↦F(s,t)). Here the derivatives are Mathlib's total deriv on functions R→C\mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{C}R→C, so in each nested expression the inner derivative is formed at the point 000 for every value of the outer variable, including those for which the relevant slice need not meet UUU, and no differentiability is asserted of the intermediate functions beyond what the conclusion requires.

This is the Schwarz–Clairaut symmetry of second partial derivatives, in the shape needed when FFF is only assumed C2C^2C2 on an open neighbourhood of the origin rather than on all of R2\mathbb{R}^2R2, and with the partial derivatives written as iterated one-variable derivs. It is used in the computation of the action of the Casimir element on archimedean lifts in LanglandsTunnell.CubicInduction.casimir_apply_eq_sum_deriv_archRealLift3_mul.

Preamble
import Mathlib

set_option maxHeartbeats 4000000
set_option synthInstance.maxHeartbeats 400000
set_option backward.isDefEq.respectTransparency.types false

set_option autoImplicit false
Formal statement
theorem deriv_deriv_comm_of_contDiffOn
    (F : ℝ → ℝ → ℂ) (U : Set (ℝ × ℝ)) (hU : IsOpen U) (h0 : ((0 : ℝ), (0 : ℝ)) ∈ U)
    (hF : ContDiffOn ℝ 2 (fun p : ℝ × ℝ => F p.1 p.2) U) :
    deriv (fun s : ℝ => deriv (fun t : ℝ => F s t) 0) 0
      = deriv (fun t : ℝ => deriv (fun s : ℝ => F s t) 0) 0 := by sorry
Source
https://github.com/anthropics/fermats-last-theorem/blob/aa2d8b34692b16c70f699536de0d8e75b9a3e9ef/Theorems/Thm_deriv_deriv_comm_of_contDiffOn.lean

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