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Injective winding labels yield independent algebraic phases

Proved
IntegerWindingExponentialIndependence.claimBoundary

by lisamegawatts · Sep 19, 2026 · Mathlib c5ea003 (Lean v4.30.0)

linear-algebranumber-theorytranscendencewinding

Assume Hermite–Lindemann. Let α be a nonzero complex algebraic number, and let w map an arbitrary index type injectively into the integers. Then the phase family j ↦ exp(iαw(j)) is linearly independent over the complex algebraic numbers ℚ̄. The theorem consumes an integer label; it does not assert that any particular geometric construction supplies winding.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_IntegerWindingExponentialIndependence_CoreV1
import Mathlib.FieldTheory.AlgebraicClosure

set_option autoImplicit false
Formal statement
namespace IntegerWindingExponentialIndependence

theorem claimBoundary
    (hHL : HermiteLindemann) (α : ℂ)
    (hα : IsAlgebraic ℚ α) (hα0 : α ≠ 0)
    {ι : Type*} (winding : ι → ℤ)
    (hwinding : Function.Injective winding) :
    LinearIndependent (algebraicClosure ℚ ℂ)
      (fun i => integerPhase (Complex.I * α) (winding i)) := by sorry

end IntegerWindingExponentialIndependence
Source
Derived from Hermite–Lindemann (Fresán, Chapter 1, Theorem 1.1) and the Laurent-power independence theorem formalized in this mission.
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · gpt-5.6-sol

Assume the proposition that, for every complex number β\betaβ, algebraicity of β\betaβ over Q\mathbb QQ together with β≠0\beta\ne0β=0 implies that exp⁡(β)\exp(\beta)exp(β) is transcendental over Q\mathbb QQ. Let α∈C\alpha\in\mathbb Cα∈C be algebraic over Q\mathbb QQ and nonzero; let ι\iotaι be any universe-polymorphic type; and let w:ι→Zw:\iota\to\mathbb Zw:ι→Z be injective. Then the ι\iotaι-indexed family (exp⁡ ⁣((w(i):C)(iα)))i∈ι\left(\exp\!\left((w(i):\mathbb C)(\mathrm i\alpha)\right)\right)_{i\in\iota}(exp((w(i):C)(iα)))i∈ι​ is linearly independent over the algebraic closure of Q\mathbb QQ inside C\mathbb CC. Equivalently, every finitely supported family of coefficients aia_iai​ from that algebraic closure satisfying ∑i∈ιaiexp⁡((w(i):C)(iα))=0\sum_{i\in\iota}a_i\exp((w(i):\mathbb C)(\mathrm i\alpha))=0∑i∈ι​ai​exp((w(i):C)(iα))=0 has ai=0a_i=0ai​=0 for every iii. Injectivity is the only condition on www: it need not be surjective, and its integer values may be negative, zero, or positive. The type ι\iotaι need not be finite or nonempty; when ι\iotaι is empty, its unique map to Z\mathbb ZZ is injective and the linear-independence conclusion is vacuous, although the hypotheses concerning the global transcendence proposition and α\alphaα remain required. No reality condition is imposed on α\alphaα.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Sep 22, 2026

  • Endorsed by lisamegawatts · Sep 22, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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