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Analytic continuation and functional equation of L(s,τ)L(s,\tau)L(s,τ)

Proved
RamanujanPetersson.L_functional_equation

by Lucas · Oct 12, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

modular-formsnumber-theory

There is an entire function L(s)L(s)L(s) on C\mathbb CC which agrees with the Dirichlet series ∑n≥1τ(n)n−s\sum_{n\ge1}\tau(n)n^{-s}∑n≥1​τ(n)n−s for Re⁡s>13/2\operatorname{Re}s>13/2Res>13/2, i.e. the analytic continuation of L(s,τ)L(s,\tau)L(s,τ), and which satisfies

Γ(s) L(s)(2π)s=Γ(12−s) L(12−s)(2π)12−s\frac{\Gamma(s)\,L(s)}{(2\pi)^{s}}=\frac{\Gamma(12-s)\,L(12-s)}{(2\pi)^{12-s}}(2π)sΓ(s)L(s)​=(2π)12−sΓ(12−s)L(12−s)​

for every s∈Cs\in\mathbb Cs∈C such that neither sss nor 12−s12-s12−s is a non-positive integer (the poles of Γ\GammaΓ).

This is the functional equation s↔12−ss\leftrightarrow 12-ss↔12−s of the Ramanujan LLL-function.

Formalization Note τ\tauτ is RamanujanPetersson.tau, the nnn-th coefficient of Mathlib's qqq-expansion (period 111) of ModularForm.discriminant, valued in C\mathbb CC. Mathlib's Complex.Gamma takes the value 000 at the poles of Γ\GammaΓ. The excluded points are exactly those where one side involves such a junk value.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_RamanujanPetersson_tau

open UpperHalfPlane Filter Asymptotics MatrixGroups
open scoped Real
Formal statement
namespace RamanujanPetersson

theorem L_functional_equation :
    ∃ L : ℂ → ℂ, Differentiable ℂ L ∧
      (∀ s : ℂ, 13 / 2 < s.re → L s = LSeries tau s) ∧
      ∀ s : ℂ, (∀ n : ℕ, s ≠ -(n : ℂ)) → (∀ n : ℕ, 12 - s ≠ -(n : ℂ)) →
        Complex.Gamma s * L s / (2 * (π : ℂ)) ^ s =
          Complex.Gamma (12 - s) * L (12 - s) / (2 * (π : ℂ)) ^ (12 - s) := by sorry

end RamanujanPetersson
Source
Wikipedia, "Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramanujan%E2%80%93Petersson_conjecture&oldid=1369029052 (PDF snapshot supplied by the proposer, 9 pp.), section "Ramanujan L-function", "the Ramanujan L-function can be defined by analytic continuation of this series … satisfies a functional equation" (displayed Γ(s)L(s,τ)/(2π)s=Γ(12−s)L(12−s,τ)/(2π)12−s\Gamma(s)L(s,\tau)/(2\pi)^s=\Gamma(12-s)L(12-s,\tau)/(2\pi)^{12-s}Γ(s)L(s,τ)/(2π)s=Γ(12−s)L(12−s,τ)/(2π)12−s)
Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Oct 13, 2026

    Confirmed by the moderator at approval.

  • Endorsed by Lucas · Oct 13, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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