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Along a C¹ immersion of a compact 3-manifold, two continuous Riemannian metrics are uniformly comparable

Proved
AnosovPlugs.comparable_of_metrics

by ebayuser · Oct 3, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

3-manifoldsanosov-flowsdynamical-systemshyperbolic-dynamics

Let MMM be a compact smooth 3-manifold with boundary and NNN a smooth 3-manifold with boundary (both modelled on the closed half-space), let i:M→Ni:M\to Ni:M→N be a C¹ map whose derivative DixDi_xDix​ is injective at every x∈Mx\in Mx∈M, and let ggg and g′g'g′ be continuous Riemannian metrics on MMM and NNN. A continuous Riemannian metric ggg on a 3-manifold MMM is a continuously varying inner product gxg_xgx​ on the tangent spaces TxMT_xMTx​M (Mathlib's Bundle.ContinuousRiemannianMetric on the tangent bundle; the mission's RiemannianMetric3), with norm ∥v∥g,x=gx(v,v)\|v\|_{g,x}=\sqrt{g_x(v,v)}∥v∥g,x​=gx​(v,v)​. Then there are constants c1,c2>0c_1,c_2>0c1​,c2​>0 such that for every x∈Mx\in Mx∈M and every v∈TxMv\in T_xMv∈Tx​M,

c1 ∥v∥g,x≤∥Dix(v)∥g′,i(x)≤c2 ∥v∥g,x.c_1\,\|v\|_{g,x} \le \|Di_x(v)\|_{g',i(x)} \le c_2\,\|v\|_{g,x}.c1​∥v∥g,x​≤∥Dix​(v)∥g′,i(x)​≤c2​∥v∥g,x​.

In words: along a C¹ immersion of a compact manifold, any two continuous Riemannian metrics are uniformly comparable. The textbook proof bounds the two continuous positive functions (x,v)↦∥Dixv∥g′/∥v∥g(x,v)\mapsto\|Di_x v\|_{g'}/\|v\|_g(x,v)↦∥Dix​v∥g′​/∥v∥g​ and its inverse on the compact unit sphere bundle of MMM; injectivity of DixDi_xDix​ makes the numerator positive. A general fact, not stated in the paper; it is used tacitly in the proof of Proposition 1.1 (Section 3.1 of arXiv v1, p. 14), whose fourth and fifth sentences use, without comment, that the maximal invariant sets Λ_X and Λ_Y of the plugs (U, X) and (V, Y) are hyperbolic sets of the glued vector field Z with respect to some Riemannian metric on the glued manifold W. In the proof of the companion statement exists_comparable_metric it is applied to the metric of the hyperbolic structure on UUU and to any continuous metric on WWW.

Formalization Note No Hausdorff hypothesis and no compactness of NNN is assumed; compactness of MMM is what makes the constants uniform. The norms are the mission's RiemannianMetric3.norm, that is gx(v,v)\sqrt{g_x(v,v)}gx​(v,v)​, and DixDi_xDix​ is Mathlib's mfderiv I3 I3 i x. C¹ is Mathlib's ContMDiff I3 I3 1.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_AnosovPlugs_Gluing

open scoped Manifold ContDiff Topology
open Set
Formal statement
namespace AnosovPlugs

theorem comparable_of_metrics
    {M : Type} [TopologicalSpace M] [ChartedSpace (EuclideanHalfSpace 3) M] [IsManifold I3 ∞ M]
    [CompactSpace M]
    {N : Type} [TopologicalSpace N] [ChartedSpace (EuclideanHalfSpace 3) N] [IsManifold I3 ∞ N]
    (i : M → N) (hi : ContMDiff I3 I3 1 i) (hinj : ∀ x, Function.Injective (mfderiv I3 I3 i x))
    (g : RiemannianMetric3 M) (g' : RiemannianMetric3 N) :
    ∃ c₁ c₂ : ℝ, 0 < c₁ ∧ 0 < c₂ ∧
      ∀ (x : M) (v : TangentSpace I3 x),
        c₁ * g.norm x v ≤ g'.norm (i x) (mfderiv I3 I3 i x v) ∧
        g'.norm (i x) (mfderiv I3 I3 i x v) ≤ c₂ * g.norm x v := by sorry

end AnosovPlugs
Source
F. Béguin, C. Bonatti, B. Yu, *Building Anosov flows on 3-manifolds*, Geom. Topol. 21 (2017) 1837–1930, https://doi.org/10.2140/gt.2017.21.1837 (arXiv:1408.3951v1). A general fact, not stated in the paper; it is used tacitly in the proof of Proposition 1.1 (Section 3.1 of arXiv v1, p. 14), whose fourth and fifth sentences use, without comment, that the maximal invariant sets Λ_X and Λ_Y of the plugs (U, X) and (V, Y) are hyperbolic sets of the glued vector field Z with respect to some Riemannian metric on the glued manifold W. Textbook fact (compactness of the unit sphere bundle). Mathlib notions: mfderiv, ContMDiff; mission notions: RiemannianMetric3, RiemannianMetric3.norm.

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