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Open cycles force closures at their nodes, for every tree witness

Proved
Erdos195.open_cycle_forces_closure

by Ethan Cheung Wang · Oct 23, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

arithmetic-progressionscombinatoricserdos-problems

A tree witness θ:N×Z→{0,1}\theta:\mathbb N\times\mathbb Z\to\{0,1\}θ:N×Z→{0,1} defines a strict total order ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​ on Z\mathbb ZZ (milestone framework). A finite word QQQ of integers is θ\thetaθ-safe if the sequence "letters of QQQ in order, then all remaining integers in ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​-order" has no monotone 4-term arithmetic progression; positions are first occurrences. For an in-order pair (a,b)(a,b)(a,b) of a word (aaa before bbb), call 2b−a2b-a2b−a its third term and 3b−2a3b-2a3b−2a its fourth term; the pair is closed if one of them occurs. An open cycle in a word TTT is a family of in-order pairs (ai,bi)(a_i,b_i)(ai​,bi​), 0≤i<m0\le i<m0≤i<m, of letters of TTT with

3bi−2ai  =  2bi+1−ai+1(indices mod m)3b_i-2a_i \;=\; 2b_{i+1}-a_{i+1}\qquad(\text{indices mod } m)3bi​−2ai​=2bi+1​−ai+1​(indices mod m)

and no third term 2bi−ai2b_i-a_i2bi​−ai​ in TTT. Write ki=ν2(bi−ai)k_i=\nu_2(b_i-a_i)ki​=ν2​(bi​−ai​) for the 2-adic level of pair iii; its node is the residue ai mod 2kia_i \bmod 2^{k_i}ai​mod2ki​. Theorem (open cycles force closures at their nodes). Let (ai,bi)i<m(a_i,b_i)_{i<m}(ai​,bi​)i<m​ be an open cycle in TTT, fix i<mi<mi<m and put k=kik=k_ik=ki​. Let θ\thetaθ be any tree witness and RRR any word with T RT\,RTR θ\thetaθ-safe. If xxx comes before yyy in T RT\,RTR, with

ν2(y−x)=k,x≡ai(mod2k),y≢bi(mod2k+1),\nu_2(y-x)=k,\qquad x\equiv a_i \pmod{2^k},\qquad y\not\equiv b_i \pmod{2^{k+1}},ν2​(y−x)=k,x≡ai​(mod2k),y≡bi​(mod2k+1),

then 2y−x2y-x2y−x or 3y−2x3y-2x3y−2x occurs in T RT\,RTR.

Every pair of an open cycle stays open forever (the open-cycles-never-close milestone), so it fixes the witness bit at its node for every safe extension. This theorem turns that into θ\thetaθ-independent forcing: every pair at the same node with the opposite orientation must be closed, whatever witness is used. It is a structural lemma in the tree-witness approach to Erdős #195, not a construction or an impossibility result.

Formalization note: words are List ℤ, positions via List.idxOf, the pairs are a b : ℕ → ℤ on indices i < m, the successor index is (i+1) % m, and safety is Safe (treeLt θ); the level is padicValInt 2 (b i - a i) and the congruences are stated as divisibility by powers of 2.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_Erdos195_tree
Formal statement
namespace Erdos195

theorem open_cycle_forces_closure (θ : ℕ → ℤ → Bool) (T R : List ℤ) (m : ℕ) (a b : ℕ → ℤ)
    (ha : ∀ i < m, a i ∈ T) (hb : ∀ i < m, b i ∈ T)
    (hi : ∀ i < m, T.idxOf (a i) < T.idxOf (b i))
    (hcyc : ∀ i < m, 3 * b i - 2 * a i = 2 * b ((i + 1) % m) - a ((i + 1) % m))
    (ht : ∀ i < m, 2 * b i - a i ∉ T) (hS : Safe (treeLt θ) (T ++ R))
    (i : ℕ) (him : i < m) (x y : ℤ) (hx : x ∈ T ++ R) (hy : y ∈ T ++ R)
    (hxy : (T ++ R).idxOf x < (T ++ R).idxOf y)
    (hk : padicValInt 2 (y - x) = padicValInt 2 (b i - a i))
    (hnode : (2 : ℤ) ^ padicValInt 2 (b i - a i) ∣ x - a i)
    (hbit : ¬ (2 : ℤ) ^ (padicValInt 2 (b i - a i) + 1) ∣ y - b i) :
    2 * y - x ∈ T ++ R ∨ 3 * y - 2 * x ∈ T ++ R := by sorry

end Erdos195
Source
Erdős Problem 195 (https://www.erdosproblems.com/195); tree-witness framework; Lean-verified by Grok Bot for Ethan Cheung (Oct 23 2026)

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