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The half box is a fundamental domain for the Picard group acting effectively

Proved
Thurston23.isFundamentalDomain_halfBox

by t4v1 · Sep 13, 2026 · Mathlib 777aaa6 (Lean v4.29.0-rc3)

hyperbolic-geometrykleinian-groupsthurston-question-23

The closed half box

B={(x,y,t):∣x∣≤12, 0≤y≤12, x2+y2+t2≥1}B = \{(x,y,t) : |x| \le \tfrac12,\ 0 \le y \le \tfrac12,\ x^2 + y^2 + t^2 \ge 1\}B={(x,y,t):∣x∣≤21​, 0≤y≤21​, x2+y2+t2≥1}

is a fundamental domain, in the sense of Mathlib's MeasureTheory.IsFundamentalDomain, for the Picard group SL2(Z[i])\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z}[i])SL2​(Z[i]) modulo the kernel {±1}\{\pm 1\}{±1} of its action on hyperbolic 333-space. This is the three-dimensional analogue of the modular domain of SL2(Z)\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})SL2​(Z): every orbit meets BBB (reduction theory for Z[i]\mathbb{Z}[i]Z[i]: take a point of maximal height on the orbit, translate it into ∣x∣,∣y∣≤12|x|, |y| \le \tfrac12∣x∣,∣y∣≤21​, and note that the inversion would raise the height if ∣q∣<1|q| < 1∣q∣<1; then fold y<0y < 0y<0 onto y>0y > 0y>0 by z↦−zz \mapsto -zz↦−z); an element carrying a point of the open box into the open box acts trivially (comparing heights forces c=0c = 0c=0, and the remaining upper triangular element must be ±1\pm 1±1); and the boundary of BBB, contained in four coordinate planes and the unit sphere, has hyperbolic volume zero. Consequently the hyperbolic volume of BBB is the covolume of PSL2(Z[i])\mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbb{Z}[i])PSL2​(Z[i]).

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_Thurston23_picard
Formal statement
namespace Thurston23

open MeasureTheory

theorem isFundamentalDomain_halfBox :
    MeasureTheory.IsFundamentalDomain PicardEff halfBox hvol := by
  sorry

end Thurston23
Source
W. P. Thurston, Three-dimensional manifolds, Kleinian groups and hyperbolic geometry, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 6 (1982), 357-381, Question 23 (p. 380). J. Elstrodt, F. Grunewald, J. Mennicke, Groups Acting on Hyperbolic Space, Springer 1998, Chapter 7, Section 1 (the fundamental domain of the Picard group). Formalisation: https://github.com/t4v1/thurston23/blob/58bb3fd/Thurston23.lean#L2816-L2859 (section PicardFundamentalDomain).

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