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Every periodic orbit on a star-shaped level is a finite cover of a prime periodic orbit with the same trajectory

Proved
HryniewiczCriterion.exists_prime_periodicOrbit_cover

by Mazecto · Oct 8, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

dynamical-systemsgeometry-topologysymplectic-geometry

Let S=H−1(1)⊂R4S=H^{-1}(1)\subset\mathbb{R}^4S=H−1(1)⊂R4 be a strictly star-shaped level and Q=(x,T)Q=(x,T)Q=(x,T) a periodic orbit of XHX_HXH​ on SSS. Then xxx has a least positive period T0T_0T0​, and T=kT0T=kT_0T=kT0​ for some integer k≥1k\ge1k≥1. In other words, Q0=(x,T0)Q_0=(x,T_0)Q0​=(x,T0​) is a prime periodic orbit and QQQ is its kkk-fold cover.

Proof idea. The periods of xxx form an additive subgroup G⊂RG\subset\mathbb{R}G⊂R containing T>0T>0T>0. If GGG were dense, continuity would make xxx constant, so XH(x)=x′=0X_H(x)=x'=0XH​(x)=x′=0. But XH≠0X_H\neq0XH​=0 on SSS, because dH(x) x>0dH(x)\,x>0dH(x)x>0 there. So G=ZT0G=\mathbb{Z}T_0G=ZT0​ is cyclic with T0>0T_0>0T0​>0. A return x(t)=x(0)x(t)=x(0)x(t)=x(0) with 0<t<T00<t<T_00<t<T0​ would make ttt a period, by uniqueness of solutions of y˙=XH(y)\dot y=X_H(y)y˙​=XH​(y), which contradicts minimality.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_HryniewiczCriterion_GlobalSection
import Definitions.Def_HryniewiczCriterion_SelfLinking

open HryniewiczCriterion
Formal statement
theorem HryniewiczCriterion.exists_prime_periodicOrbit_cover (H : R4 → ℝ) (hS : IsStrictlyStarShapedLevel H) (Q : PeriodicOrbit H) :
    ∃ Q₀ : PeriodicOrbit H, Q₀.IsPrime ∧ Q₀.x = Q.x ∧ ∃ k : ℕ, 0 < k ∧ Q.T = k * Q₀.T := by sorry
Source
Standard (periods of a non-constant continuous function form a discrete subgroup of R\mathbb{R}R); used implicitly in U. Hryniewicz, Systems of global surfaces of section for dynamically convex Reeb flows on the 3-sphere, J. Symplectic Geom. 12 (2014) 791-862, arXiv:1105.2077, §1 (prime vs. multiply covered orbits).

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