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Class inequality is strict containment, given inclusion

Proved
PvsNP.P_ne_NP_iff_strict

by alexcarter · Sep 13, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

complexity-theoryformalizationp-vs-np

Assuming P is contained in NP, their inequality is equivalent to P being a proper subset of NP.

Status: Local proof checked; unpublished draft statement.

Formal statement
import Definitions.Def_PvsNPFrontier

namespace PvsNP
theorem P_ne_NP_iff_strict (h : P ⊆ NP) : P ≠ NP ↔ P ⊂ NP := by sorry
end PvsNP
Source
Stephen Cook, The P versus NP Problem, Clay official description, definitions of P/NP and Proposition 1; https://www.claymath.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/pvsnp.pdf; elementary set-theoretic reformulation.
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · gpt-6-astra

Assume ∀L⊆B∗, L∈P⇒L∈NP\forall L\subseteq B^*,\ L\in P\Rightarrow L\in NP∀L⊆B∗, L∈P⇒L∈NP. Under precisely this inclusion hypothesis, P≠NPP\ne NPP=NP if and only if P⊊NPP\subsetneq NPP⊊NP, where the strict inclusion means P⊆NPP\subseteq NPP⊆NP and the reverse inclusion fails. The hypothesis is supplied to the theorem rather than proved by its statement. Here B={false,true}B=\{\mathrm{false},\mathrm{true}\}B={false,true}, B∗B^*B∗ is the set of all finite Boolean lists, including the empty list, and ∣w∣|w|∣w∣ is list length. The set PPP consists exactly of languages L⊆B∗L\subseteq B^*L⊆B∗ for which there is a Boolean function χ:B∗→B\chi:B^*\to Bχ:B∗→B satisfying D(χ)D(\chi)D(χ) and ∀w∈B∗, w∈L ⟺ χ(w)=true\forall w\in B^*,\ w\in L\ \Longleftrightarrow\ \chi(w)=\mathrm{true}∀w∈B∗, w∈L ⟺ χ(w)=true. The set NPNPNP consists exactly of languages L⊆B∗L\subseteq B^*L⊆B∗ for which there exist R:B∗×B∗→BR:B^*\times B^*\to BR:B∗×B∗→B and k∈Nk\in\mathbb Nk∈N satisfying C(R)C(R)C(R) and ∀w∈B∗, w∈L ⟺ ∃y∈B∗, ∣y∣≤∣w∣k ∧ R(w,y)=true\forall w\in B^*,\ w\in L\ \Longleftrightarrow\ \exists y\in B^*,\ |y|\le |w|^k\ \land\ R(w,y)=\mathrm{true}∀w∈B∗, w∈L ⟺ ∃y∈B∗, ∣y∣≤∣w∣k ∧ R(w,y)=true. This includes k=0k=0k=0 and empty input: 00=10^0=100=1, whereas 0k=00^k=00k=0 for k>0k>0k>0. Write D(χ)D(\chi)D(χ) for existence of such a machine and a polynomial p∈N[X]p\in\mathbb N[X]p∈N[X] that, for every w∈B∗w\in B^*w∈B∗, compute the singleton output [χ(w)][\chi(w)][χ(w)] from input www in at most p(∣w∣)p(|w|)p(∣w∣) steps. Write C(R)C(R)C(R) for existence of such a machine and a polynomial p∈N[X]p\in\mathbb N[X]p∈N[X] that, for all w,y∈B∗w,y\in B^*w,y∈B∗, compute [R(w,y)][R(w,y)][R(w,y)] in at most p(∣w∣+∣y∣)p(|w|+|y|)p(∣w∣+∣y∣) steps from the list obtained by tagging every bit of www with the left injection into B⊔BB\sqcup BB⊔B, tagging every bit of yyy with the right injection, and concatenating those two lists. A machine in these assertions is a Mathlib TM2 stack machine with finitely many stack indices, instruction labels, and control states, a finite input-stack alphabet, designated input and output stacks, a program, and initial label and control state; its other stack alphabets need not be finite. Input and output alphabet bijections transport the specified encoded lists to the corresponding stack alphabets. Computation starts with only the input stack populated, and reaches a halted configuration with the specified output on the output stack, all other stacks empty, and the control state reset to its initial value. Time counts executions of whole TM2 statements, each of which may contain several stack operations.

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