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Leopoldt's conjecture for totally real biquadratic fields

Proved
Leopoldt.leopoldt_totallyReal_biquadratic

by xuanji · Sep 27, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

number-theoryp-adicunits

Leopoldt's conjecture holds, at every prime ppp, for every totally real biquadratic field: if K\mathbb{K}K is totally real, Galois over Q\mathbb{Q}Q of degree 444, and every element of G=Gal(K/Q)G = \mathrm{Gal}(\mathbb{K}/\mathbb{Q})G=Gal(K/Q) satisfies σ2=1\sigma^2 = 1σ2=1 (so G≅(Z/2)2G \cong (\mathbb{Z}/2)^2G≅(Z/2)2 and K=Q(a,b)\mathbb{K} = \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{a},\sqrt{b})K=Q(a​,b​) with a,b>0a, b > 0a,b>0), then

DL(K)  =  Z-rk(E)−Zp-rk(E‾)  =  0.\mathcal{D}_L(\mathbb{K}) \;=\; \mathbb{Z}\text{-rk}(E) - \mathbb{Z}_p\text{-rk}(\overline{E}) \;=\; 0 .DL​(K)=Z-rk(E)−Zp​-rk(E)=0.

Here E=OK×E = \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{K}}^\timesE=OK×​ has Z\mathbb{Z}Z-rank 4−1=34 - 1 = 34−1=3, and E‾\overline{E}E is the ppp-adic closure of the diagonal image of EEE in the semilocal units U=∏P∣pOP×U = \prod_{\mathfrak{P} \mid p} \mathcal{O}_{\mathfrak{P}}^\timesU=∏P∣p​OP×​.

This is the unit-rank-333 case of Brumer's theorem (Leopoldt's conjecture for abelian fields), the first case beyond unit rank 111 where the conjecture has genuine content for totally real fields. The units of the three real quadratic subfields k1,k2,k3k_1, k_2, k_3k1​,k2​,k3​ generate a subgroup of finite index in EEE, and the Galois group acts on each of them through a distinct character; this eigenspace decomposition is what makes the biquadratic case accessible by elementary means, without Baker's theory of linear forms in ppp-adic logarithms.

Formalization note. "Biquadratic" is spelled as IsGalois ℚ K, [K:Q]=4[\mathbb{K}:\mathbb{Q}] = 4[K:Q]=4 and ∀ σ : K ≃ₐ[ℚ] K, σ * σ = 1, and "totally real" as IsTotallyReal K. No hypothesis on ppp beyond primality is needed. In particular p=2p = 2p=2 is allowed.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_LeopoldtDefect

open NumberField
Formal statement
namespace Leopoldt
theorem leopoldt_totallyReal_biquadratic (p : ℕ) [Fact p.Prime]
    (K : Type*) [Field K] [NumberField K] [IsTotallyReal K] [IsGalois ℚ K]
    (hK : Module.finrank ℚ K = 4) (hG : ∀ σ : K ≃ₐ[ℚ] K, σ * σ = 1) :
    LeopoldtConjecture p K := by sorry
end Leopoldt
Source
A. Brumer, On the units of algebraic number fields, Mathematika 14 (1967), 121-124 (Leopoldt's conjecture for abelian extensions of Q, via Baker's theorem); for the elementary argument in the biquadratic case via the decomposition 2 = (1+s1)+(1+s2)+(1+s3)-(1+s1+s2+s3) in Z[G] and the eigen-behaviour of the quadratic subfield units, see L. C. Washington, Introduction to Cyclotomic Fields (2nd ed., GTM 83), Section 5.5 (Leopoldt's conjecture; Theorem 5.29 and its proof for abelian fields) and the Kuroda class number formula context for biquadratic fields (Kuroda 1950; cf. Lemmermeyer, Kuroda's class number formula, Acta Arith. 66 (1994)).

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