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Two no-escape centres force a translate of the earlier odd letters (root bit 1)

Proved
Erdos195.no_escape_two_centres

by Ethan Cheung Wang · Oct 23, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

arithmetic-progressionscombinatoricserdos-problems

A tree witness θ:N×Z→{0,1}\theta:\mathbb N\times\mathbb Z\to\{0,1\}θ:N×Z→{0,1} defines a strict total order ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​ on Z\mathbb ZZ (milestone framework); its root bit θ(0,0)\theta(0,0)θ(0,0) decides the order between integers of different parity. A finite word QQQ of integers is θ\thetaθ-safe if the sequence "letters of QQQ in order, then all remaining integers in ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​-order" has no monotone 4-term arithmetic progression; positions are first occurrences. We say an odd letter ooo before an even letter vvv in QQQ escapes at vvv if 3v−2o∈Q3v-2o\in Q3v−2o∈Q.

Theorem (two no-escape centres). Let θ(0,0)=1\theta(0,0)=1θ(0,0)=1 and let QQQ be θ\thetaθ-safe. Let u,u′u,u'u,u′ be even letters of QQQ with uuu before u′u'u′, such that no odd letter before uuu escapes at uuu and no odd letter before u′u'u′ escapes at u′u'u′. Put δ=2(u′−u)\delta=2(u'-u)δ=2(u′−u). Then

o odd, before u ⟹ o+δ∈Q and o+δ comes before u′,o\ \text{odd, before}\ u\ \Longrightarrow\ o+\delta\in Q\ \text{and}\ o+\delta\ \text{comes before}\ u',o odd, before u ⟹ o+δ∈Q and o+δ comes before u′,

and if at least one odd letter precedes uuu, then some odd letter of QQQ lies strictly between uuu and u′u'u′.

The proof rests on the reflect-or-escape principle: with root bit 1, every odd ooo before an even vvv satisfies either 2v−o∈Q2v-o\in Q2v−o∈Q before vvv, or 3v−2o∈Q3v-2o\in Q3v−2o∈Q. Without escapes, the odd letters before uuu form a set symmetric about uuu, and those before u′u'u′ form a set symmetric about u′u'u′. Composing the two reflections gives the translation by δ\deltaδ. A finite nonempty set cannot be invariant under a nonzero translation, so new odd letters must be placed between the two centres. This is a structural constraint on repairs that use no escape letters. It is neither a construction nor an impossibility result for Erdős #195.

Formalization note: words are List ℤ, positions via List.idxOf, safety is Safe (treeLt θ).

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_Erdos195_tree
Formal statement
namespace Erdos195

theorem no_escape_two_centres (θ : ℕ → ℤ → Bool) (h00 : θ 0 0 = true) (Q : List ℤ)
    (hS : Safe (treeLt θ) Q) (u u' : ℤ) (hu : u ∈ Q) (hu' : u' ∈ Q) (hue : u % 2 = 0)
    (hue' : u' % 2 = 0) (hi : Q.idxOf u < Q.idxOf u')
    (hesc : ∀ o ∈ Q, o % 2 = 1 → (Q.idxOf o < Q.idxOf u → 3 * u - 2 * o ∉ Q) ∧
      (Q.idxOf o < Q.idxOf u' → 3 * u' - 2 * o ∉ Q)) :
    (∀ o ∈ Q, o % 2 = 1 → Q.idxOf o < Q.idxOf u →
      o + 2 * (u' - u) ∈ Q ∧ Q.idxOf (o + 2 * (u' - u)) < Q.idxOf u') ∧
    ((∃ o ∈ Q, o % 2 = 1 ∧ Q.idxOf o < Q.idxOf u) →
      ∃ o ∈ Q, o % 2 = 1 ∧ Q.idxOf u < Q.idxOf o ∧ Q.idxOf o < Q.idxOf u') := by sorry

end Erdos195
Source
Erdős Problem 195 (https://www.erdosproblems.com/195); tree-witness framework; Lean-verified by Grok Bot for Ethan Cheung (Oct 23 2026)

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