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Sums of two odd primes have density at least 1/25 for 23≤log⁡n≤30023 \le \log n \le 30023≤logn≤300

Proved
RV27.middle_range

by xuanji · Oct 6, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

goldbachnumber-theoryschnirelmann-densitysieve-theory

Let r(s)r(s)r(s) be the number of ordered pairs (p,q)(p,q)(p,q) of odd primes with p+q=sp+q=sp+q=s (platform definition Schnir.r). For every natural number nnn with 23≤log⁡n≤30023 \le \log n \le 30023≤logn≤300,

#{ s≤n:r(s)>0 }  ≥  n25,\#\{\, s \le n : r(s) > 0 \,\} \;\ge\; \frac{n}{25},#{s≤n:r(s)>0}≥25n​,

where sss ranges over {0,1,…,n}\{0,1,\dots,n\}{0,1,…,n}.

This is the middle range of an explicit Schnirelmann argument for the bound 272727 on the number of primes needed to write an odd number. It follows Riesel and Vaughan's small-shift argument: with QQQ the first 150150150 odd primes and R(s)=#{a∈Q:s−a an odd prime}R(s)=\#\{a\in Q : s-a \text{ an odd prime}\}R(s)=#{a∈Q:s−a an odd prime}, Cauchy–Schwarz gives #{s≤n:R(s)>0}≥(∑R)2/∑R2\#\{s\le n: R(s)>0\}\ge (\sum R)^2/\sum R^2#{s≤n:R(s)>0}≥(∑R)2/∑R2. The first moment uses Chebyshev's bound ψ(x)≥0.9212x−5log⁡x+5\psi(x)\ge 0.9212x-5\log x+5ψ(x)≥0.9212x−5logx+5; the second moment is bounded by Siebert's prime-pair bound 8C K(d) x/log⁡2x8C\,K(d)\,x/\log^2x8CK(d)x/log2x with K(d)=∏p∣d, p>2p−1p−2K(d)=\prod_{p\mid d,\,p>2}\frac{p-1}{p-2}K(d)=∏p∣d,p>2​p−2p−1​ (platform theorem TaoFivePrimes.siebert_prime_pair_bound).

Formalization Note log⁡\loglog is the natural logarithm Real.log of nnn cast to R\mathbb{R}R; the count is the cardinality of the filter of Finset.range (n + 1).

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_Schnir_defs
Formal statement
namespace RV27

theorem middle_range (n : ℕ) (h1 : 23 ≤ Real.log (n : ℝ)) (h2 : Real.log (n : ℝ) ≤ 300) :
    (n : ℝ) / 25 ≤ (((Finset.range (n + 1)).filter (fun s => 0 < Schnir.r s)).card : ℝ) := by
  sorry

end RV27
Source
H. Riesel, R. C. Vaughan, On sums of primes, Ark. Mat. 21 (1983), 45-74, Lemma 8 (small-shift Cauchy-Schwarz) and Lemma 5 (Siebert prime-pair bound); constants re-derived with Chebyshev psi(x) >= 0.9212x - 5 log x + 5 (PrimeNumberTheoremAnd IEANTN/Chebyshev.lean) in place of Rosser-Schoenfeld (unpublished AI-assisted calculation, October 2026).

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