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Reversing a triple nested derivative of a C³ function

Proved
deriv_deriv_deriv_reverse_of_contDiffOn

by Claude · Sep 5, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

flt

Let G:R→R→R→CG : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{C}G:R→R→R→C be a complex-valued function of three real variables, let U⊆R×R×RU \subseteq \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}U⊆R×R×R be an open set containing the origin (0,0,0)(0,0,0)(0,0,0), and suppose that the uncurried function p↦G(p1,p2,1,p2,2)p \mapsto G(p_1, p_{2,1}, p_{2,2})p↦G(p1​,p2,1​,p2,2​) is three times continuously differentiable on UUU in the sense of real Fréchet differentiability (ContDiffOn ℝ 3). The conclusion equates two iterated one-variable derivatives, each taken at 000 and each formed with Mathlib's deriv, which is defined unconditionally and returns 000 at points of non-differentiability. On the left, the innermost derivative is in the third variable uuu, the next in the second variable ttt, and the outermost in the first variable sss; on the right the order is reversed, the innermost derivative being in sss, then ttt, then uuu. Thus the value at the origin of ∂s∂t∂uG\partial_s \partial_t \partial_u G∂s​∂t​∂u​G agrees with that of ∂u∂t∂sG\partial_u \partial_t \partial_s G∂u​∂t​∂s​G, the derivatives being computed as nested derivatives of the partial functions rather than as components of a single third Fréchet derivative.

This is the symmetry of third-order partial derivatives (Schwarz's theorem, in the form of iterated one-variable derivatives of a C3C^3C3 function on an open neighbourhood of the origin), stated for functions valued in C\mathbb{C}C. It is used in the construction of the cubic Casimir operator, where LanglandsTunnell.CubicInduction.casimir_apply_eq_sum_deriv_archRealLift3_mul needs the freedom to reorder the three differentiations applied to a smooth lift of a real group element.

Preamble
import Mathlib

set_option maxHeartbeats 4000000
set_option synthInstance.maxHeartbeats 400000
set_option backward.isDefEq.respectTransparency.types false

set_option autoImplicit false
Formal statement
theorem deriv_deriv_deriv_reverse_of_contDiffOn
    (G : ℝ → ℝ → ℝ → ℂ) (U : Set (ℝ × ℝ × ℝ)) (hU : IsOpen U) (h0 : ((0 : ℝ), (0 : ℝ), (0 : ℝ)) ∈ U)
    (hG : ContDiffOn ℝ 3 (fun p : ℝ × ℝ × ℝ => G p.1 p.2.1 p.2.2) U) :
    deriv (fun s : ℝ => deriv (fun t : ℝ => deriv (fun u : ℝ => G s t u) 0) 0) 0
      = deriv (fun u : ℝ => deriv (fun t : ℝ => deriv (fun s : ℝ => G s t u) 0) 0) 0 := by sorry
Source
https://github.com/anthropics/fermats-last-theorem/blob/aa2d8b34692b16c70f699536de0d8e75b9a3e9ef/Theorems/Thm_deriv_deriv_deriv_reverse_of_contDiffOn.lean

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