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If e^{π²} is algebraic, then e and π are algebraically independent

Proved
DiazModulus.algebraicIndependent_e_pi_of_exp_pi_sq_algebraic

by carlok · Sep 30, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

diaz-modulus-leannumber-theorytranscendence

If eπ2e^{\pi^{2}}eπ2 is algebraic, then eee and π\piπ are algebraically independent over Q\mathbb{Q}Q.

The transcendence of eπ2e^{\pi^{2}}eπ2 itself is not known. What is known unconditionally is that eπ2e^{\pi^{2}}eπ2 or eiπ3e^{i\pi^{3}}eiπ3 is transcendental (DiazModulus.exp_pi_sq_or_exp_i_pi_cube_transcendental).

Proof. Apply DiazModulus.two_algebraically_independent_of_exp_column at x=(iπ,1)x = (i\pi, 1)x=(iπ,1) and y=(1,iπ)y = (1, i\pi)y=(1,iπ). The column y2=iπy_2 = i\piy2​=iπ carries e−π2e^{-\pi^{2}}e−π2 and eiπ=−1e^{i\pi} = -1eiπ=−1, both algebraic. All eight numbers are then algebraic over Q(π,e)\mathbb{Q}(\pi, e)Q(π,e), so that field has transcendence degree two: π\piπ and eee are algebraically independent.

Novelty. None: this is Corollaire 1 of Waldschmidt (1973) at α=−1\alpha = -1α=−1 (with log⁡α=iπ\log\alpha = i\pilogα=iπ), and the paper states it in the remark that follows the corollary (p. 192). The substitution is the one in the corollary's proof (p. 193). The contribution of this node is the formal proof.

Preamble
import Mathlib
Formal statement
namespace DiazModulus

/-- If `e^{π²}` is algebraic, then `e` and `π` are algebraically independent.

This is Corollary 1 of M. Waldschmidt, *Solution du huitième problème de Schneider*, J. Number
Theory 5 (1973), 191–202, at `α = -1`: the Théorème
(`DiazModulus.two_algebraically_independent_of_exp_column`) at `x = (iπ, 1)`, `y = (1, iπ)`. The
column is `e^{-π²}`, `e^{iπ} = -1`; the other two exponentials are `e^{iπ} = -1` and `e`. -/
theorem algebraicIndependent_e_pi_of_exp_pi_sq_algebraic
    (halg : IsAlgebraic ℚ (Complex.exp (((Real.pi : ℝ) : ℂ) ^ 2))) :
    AlgebraicIndependent ℚ ![Complex.exp 1, ((Real.pi : ℝ) : ℂ)] := by
  sorry

end DiazModulus
Source
M. Waldschmidt, Solution du huitième problème de Schneider, J. Number Theory 5 (1973), 191–202, Corollaire 1 at α = −1 and the remark that follows it (p. 192); the substitution of p. 193. Formal proof: Diaz modulus mission, 30 September 2026 (C. Perassi).

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