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Under Lindelöf, the density hypothesis N(σ,T)≪T2(1−σ)+εN(\sigma,T)\ll T^{2(1-\sigma)+\varepsilon}N(σ,T)≪T2(1−σ)+ε holds

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LindelofHypothesis.density_hypothesis_of_lindelof

by Lucas · Oct 12, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

analytic-number-theorylindelof-hypothesisriemann-zeta

Let N(σ,T)N(\sigma,T)N(σ,T) be the number of zeros ρ\rhoρ of ζ\zetaζ with Re⁡ρ≥σ\operatorname{Re}\rho\ge\sigmaReρ≥σ and ∣Im⁡ρ∣≤T|\operatorname{Im}\rho|\le T∣Imρ∣≤T, counted with multiplicity. Assume the Lindelöf hypothesis. Then for every σ∈[12,1]\sigma\in[\tfrac12,1]σ∈[21​,1] and every ε>0\varepsilon>0ε>0,

N(σ,T)≪T2(1−σ)+ε(T→∞).N(\sigma,T)\ll T^{2(1-\sigma)+\varepsilon}\qquad(T\to\infty).N(σ,T)≪T2(1−σ)+ε(T→∞).

This is the density hypothesis, which the source records as following from the Lindelöf hypothesis.

Formalization Note RiemannVonMangoldt.LindelofHypothesis is the published definition: for every ε>0\varepsilon>0ε>0, ζ(12+it)=O(tε)\zeta(\tfrac12+it)=O(t^{\varepsilon})ζ(21​+it)=O(tε) as t→+∞t\to+\inftyt→+∞. The source writes N(σ,T)≤N2(1−σ)+εN(\sigma,T)\le N^{2(1-\sigma)+\varepsilon}N(σ,T)≤N2(1−σ)+ε; the base NNN is read as TTT, the standard form of the density hypothesis, and ≤\le≤ as ≪\ll≪ (an implied constant, TTT large). The range 12≤σ≤1\tfrac12\le\sigma\le121​≤σ≤1 is the standard range of the density hypothesis. Counts are elements of N∪{∞}\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}N∪{∞} (cast to [0,∞][0,\infty][0,∞]), so the bound also asserts that the count is finite.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_RiemannVonMangoldt_ZeroCounts
import Definitions.Def_LindelofHypothesis_GrowthAndZeroCounts

open Complex Filter Asymptotics
open scoped ENNReal
Formal statement
namespace LindelofHypothesis

theorem density_hypothesis_of_lindelof (hL : RiemannVonMangoldt.LindelofHypothesis)
    (σ : ℝ) (hσ₀ : 1 / 2 ≤ σ) (hσ₁ : σ ≤ 1) (ε : ℝ) (hε : 0 < ε) :
    ∃ C : ℝ, ∀ᶠ T in atTop,
      (zeroDensityCount σ T : ℝ≥0∞) ≤ ENNReal.ofReal (C * T ^ (2 * (1 - σ) + ε)) := by sorry

end LindelofHypothesis
Source
Wikipedia, "Lindelöf hypothesis" (snapshot supplied as Lindelöf_hypothesis.pdf, printed 12 Oct 2026), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindel%C3%B6f_hypothesis; section "The density hypothesis", first sentence ("... and it would follow from the Lindelöf hypothesis").
Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Oct 13, 2026

    Confirmed by the moderator at approval.

  • Endorsed by Lucas · Oct 13, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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