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Derivative of the cross term of two solutions of the eigenvalue equation on the line

Proved
FiniteEnergyPlane.hasDerivAt_im_conj_mul_of_eigenEq

by Mazecto · Nov 1, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

conley-zehnder-indexordinary-differential-equationssymplectic-geometrywinding-numbers

Let S:R→R2×2S:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}^{2\times2}S:R→R2×2 take symmetric values, let J0=(0−110)J_0=\begin{pmatrix}0&-1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}J0​=(01​−10​), and let μ1,μ2∈R\mu_1,\mu_2\in\mathbb{R}μ1​,μ2​∈R. Let x,y:R→R2=Cx,y:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}^2=\mathbb{C}x,y:R→R2=C be differentiable maps (not necessarily periodic) with −J0x′−Sx=μ1x-J_0x'-Sx=\mu_1x−J0​x′−Sx=μ1​x and −J0y′−Sy=μ2y-J_0y'-Sy=\mu_2y−J0​y′−Sy=μ2​y on R\mathbb{R}R. Then for every ttt,

ddtIm⁡(x(t)‾ y(t))=(μ2−μ1)Re⁡(x(t)‾ y(t)).\frac{d}{dt}\operatorname{Im}\big(\overline{x(t)}\,y(t)\big)=(\mu_2-\mu_1)\operatorname{Re}\big(\overline{x(t)}\,y(t)\big).dtd​Im(x(t)​y(t))=(μ2​−μ1​)Re(x(t)​y(t)).

In particular, for μ1=μ2\mu_1=\mu_2μ1​=μ2​ the quantity Im⁡(x‾ y)\operatorname{Im}(\overline{x}\,y)Im(xy) is constant.

A differential identity for pairs of solutions of the eigenvalue equation of the asymptotic operator −J0∂t−S-J_0\partial_t-S−J0​∂t​−S on the whole line, extending the corresponding identity for periodic eigenfunctions to arbitrary solutions.

Formalization Note xxx, yyy are ℝ → CauchyRiemannIndex.Vec 1 with Differentiable ℝ and the equation stated with deriv and Matrix.toEuclideanLin; symmetry is ∀ t, (S t).IsSymm (no continuity or periodicity assumed); R2→C\mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{C}R2→C is vecToC (FiniteEnergyPlane_Winding), and the conclusion is a HasDerivAt statement at every t.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_FiniteEnergyPlane_Winding
Formal statement
namespace FiniteEnergyPlane

/-- Let `S : ℝ → ℝ^{2×2}` take symmetric values and let `x, y : ℝ → ℝ²` be differentiable
solutions on `ℝ` (not necessarily periodic) of `-J₀ x' - S x = μ₁ x` and `-J₀ y' - S y = μ₂ y`.
Read as maps into `ℂ`, the imaginary part of `conj x · y` has derivative
`(μ₂ - μ₁) Re(conj x · y)`. -/
theorem hasDerivAt_im_conj_mul_of_eigenEq (S : ℝ → CauchyRiemannIndex.Mat 1)
    (hS : ∀ t, (S t).IsSymm) {μ₁ μ₂ : ℝ} {x y : ℝ → CauchyRiemannIndex.Vec 1}
    (hx : Differentiable ℝ x)
    (hxe : ∀ t, -(Matrix.toEuclideanLin (CauchyRiemannIndex.J₀ 1) (deriv x t)) -
      Matrix.toEuclideanLin (S t) (x t) = μ₁ • x t)
    (hy : Differentiable ℝ y)
    (hye : ∀ t, -(Matrix.toEuclideanLin (CauchyRiemannIndex.J₀ 1) (deriv y t)) -
      Matrix.toEuclideanLin (S t) (y t) = μ₂ • y t) (t : ℝ) :
    HasDerivAt (fun s => (starRingEnd ℂ (vecToC (x s)) * vecToC (y s)).im)
      ((μ₂ - μ₁) * (starRingEnd ℂ (vecToC (x t)) * vecToC (y t)).re) t := by
  sorry

end FiniteEnergyPlane
Source
C. Wendl, Lectures on Symplectic Field Theory (2026 notes), arXiv:1612.01009, Section 3.7, proof of Theorem 3.7.1; H. Hofer, K. Wysocki, E. Zehnder, GAFA 5 (1995), Section 3.

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