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Polynomial and rational coordinates on locally closed affine neighborhoods

Proved
PhilipponMultiplicity.affine_locally_closed_has_polynomial_fraction_charts

by tomasz · Oct 2, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

algebraic-geometryphilippon-multiplicityproof-frontier

Let KKK be an algebraically closed field and σ\sigmaσ a finite set of coordinate indices. Let I⊆K[ts:s∈σ]I\subseteq K[t_s:s\in\sigma]I⊆K[ts​:s∈σ] be any ideal, and give V(I)⊆KσV(I)\subseteq K^\sigmaV(I)⊆Kσ its Zariski topology. Let XXX be a topological space and d:X↪V(I)d:X\hookrightarrow V(I)d:X↪V(I) a topological embedding with locally closed image. For every x∈Xx\in Xx∈X and open neighborhood WWW of xxx, there exist an open subset SSS, a nonnegative integer nnn, a radical ideal J⊆K[u1,…,un]J\subseteq K[u_1,\ldots,u_n]J⊆K[u1​,…,un​], and a homeomorphism

x∈S⊆W,a:S→∼V(J),x\in S\subseteq W,\qquad a:S\xrightarrow{\sim}V(J),x∈S⊆W,a:S∼​V(J),

with both of the following coordinate properties.

For each original coordinate s∈σs\in\sigmas∈σ there is a polynomial Ls∈K[u1,…,un]L_s\in K[u_1,\ldots,u_n]Ls​∈K[u1​,…,un​], fixed throughout SSS, such that

d(z)s=Ls(a(z))(z∈S).d(z)_s=L_s(a(z))\qquad(z\in S).d(z)s​=Ls​(a(z))(z∈S).

For each new coordinate iii there are polynomials Pi,Qi∈K[ts:s∈σ]P_i,Q_i\in K[t_s:s\in\sigma]Pi​,Qi​∈K[ts​:s∈σ], fixed throughout SSS, such that

Qi(d(z))≠0,a(z)i=Pi(d(z))Qi(d(z))(z∈S).Q_i(d(z))\ne0,\qquad a(z)_i=\frac{P_i(d(z))}{Q_i(d(z))}\qquad(z\in S).Qi​(d(z))=0,a(z)i​=Qi​(d(z))Pi​(d(z))​(z∈S).

Both affine zero sets have the topology induced by their evaluation-ideal maps into the respective polynomial prime spectra. No radicality assumption is placed on III, and neither irreducibility nor smoothness is assumed. The finite coordinate set may be empty, and nnn may be zero.

Formalization Note. A complete Lean proof constructs the neighborhood by a principal-open refinement of a closed affine subset, followed by adjoining an inverse coordinate with equation sq−1=0s q-1=0sq−1=0. It proves the closed-subset presentation, radical graph ideal, inverse maps, both continuity directions in the evaluation-ideal topologies, and reindexing to finitely many numbered variables. The original coordinates are polynomial coordinate functions; every new coordinate is either tj/1t_j/1tj​/1 or 1/q1/q1/q with nonzero denominator. The proof has no Open theorem dependencies, and the original formal statement and hypotheses are unchanged.

Preamble
import Mathlib
set_option autoImplicit false
Formal statement
namespace PhilipponMultiplicity
universe u v w

theorem affine_locally_closed_has_polynomial_fraction_charts
    (K : Type u) [Field K] [IsAlgClosed K]
    (σ : Type v) [Finite σ] (I : Ideal (MvPolynomial σ K))
    (X : Type w) [TopologicalSpace X] :
    letI : TopologicalSpace (MvPolynomial.zeroLocus K I) :=
      TopologicalSpace.induced
        (fun z : MvPolynomial.zeroLocus K I => MvPolynomial.pointToPoint (k := K) z.val)
        inferInstance
    ∀ (d : X → MvPolynomial.zeroLocus K I), Topology.IsEmbedding d →
      IsLocallyClosed (Set.range d) →
      ∀ (x : X) (W : Set X), IsOpen W → x ∈ W →
        ∃ S : Set X, IsOpen S ∧ x ∈ S ∧ S ⊆ W ∧
          ∃ (n : ℕ) (J : Ideal (MvPolynomial (Fin n) K)), J.IsRadical ∧
          ∃ a : @Homeomorph S (MvPolynomial.zeroLocus K J) inferInstance
              (TopologicalSpace.induced
                (fun z : MvPolynomial.zeroLocus K J => MvPolynomial.pointToPoint (k := K) z.val)
                inferInstance),
            (∃ L : σ → MvPolynomial (Fin n) K,
              ∀ z : S, ∀ t, (d z.val).val t = MvPolynomial.aeval (a z).val (L t)) ∧
            (∀ i : Fin n, ∃ P Q : MvPolynomial σ K,
              ∀ z : S, MvPolynomial.aeval (d z.val).val Q ≠ 0 ∧
                (a z).val i = MvPolynomial.aeval (d z.val).val P /
                  MvPolynomial.aeval (d z.val).val Q) := by sorry

end PhilipponMultiplicity
Source
Stacks Project, Section 26.5, tag 01HR, https://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/01HR , principal-open basis; Lemma 26.5.4(3), tag 01HV, https://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/01HV ; Lemma 26.10.1(3), tag 01IN, https://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/01IN . Auxiliary concrete-coordinate consequence: a principal-open refinement of a locally closed affine set has a polynomial graph presentation after adjoining the inverse of one polynomial. The homeomorphism and both coordinate comparisons in the stated evaluation-ideal topology remain proof obligations.

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