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Lebesgue differentiation theorem along shrinking cubes

Proved
DbarRegularity.ae_tendsto_average_closedCube

by Mazecto · Oct 11, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

harmonic-analysislebesgue-differentiationmeasure-theory

Let f:Rd→Ef:\mathbb{R}^d\to Ef:Rd→E be locally integrable, where EEE is a real Banach space. Then for almost every x∈Rdx\in\mathbb{R}^dx∈Rd the following holds: whenever (aj,sj)j(a_j,s_j)_{j}(aj​,sj​)j​ is a family of corners and side lengths, indexed along a filter, such that sj→0+s_j\to 0^+sj​→0+ and eventually x∈Q(aj,sj)x\in Q(a_j,s_j)x∈Q(aj​,sj​), then

1∣Q(aj,sj)∣∫Q(aj,sj)f(y) dy ⟶ f(x),\frac{1}{|Q(a_j,s_j)|}\int_{Q(a_j,s_j)} f(y)\,dy\ \longrightarrow\ f(x),∣Q(aj​,sj​)∣1​∫Q(aj​,sj​)​f(y)dy ⟶ f(x),

where Q(a,s)={y: ai≤yi≤ai+s ∀i}Q(a,s)=\{y:\ a_i\le y_i\le a_i+s\ \forall i\}Q(a,s)={y: ai​≤yi​≤ai​+s ∀i} is the closed cube with corner aaa and side sss. The exceptional null set does not depend on the family of cubes.

This is the Lebesgue differentiation theorem for (not necessarily centred) cubes shrinking to a point, in the form used when a function is compared with its averages over cubes.

Formalization Note. closedCube a s comes from Definitions.Def_DbarRegularity_Setting; Rd\mathbb{R}^dRd is EuclideanSpace ℝ (Fin d) with Lebesgue measure volume. The average is Mathlib's ⨍ y in Q, f y (setAverage). "Eventually" and the convergence sj→0+s_j\to0^+sj​→0+ (Tendsto s l (𝓝[>] 0)) are with respect to an arbitrary filter l on an arbitrary index type; the quantifier over ι, l, a, s sits inside the almost-everywhere statement.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_DbarRegularity_Setting
Formal statement
namespace DbarRegularity

open MeasureTheory Filter Topology

/-- Lebesgue differentiation along closed cubes: for a locally integrable `f` on `ℝ^d`, at almost
every `x` the averages of `f` over closed cubes `∏ᵢ [aᵢ, aᵢ + s]` that contain `x` converge to
`f x` as the side length `s` tends to `0⁺`. -/
theorem ae_tendsto_average_closedCube {d : ℕ} {E : Type*} [NormedAddCommGroup E]
    [NormedSpace ℝ E] [CompleteSpace E] {f : EuclideanSpace ℝ (Fin d) → E}
    (hf : LocallyIntegrable f volume) :
    ∀ᵐ x, ∀ {ι : Type*} {l : Filter ι} (a : ι → EuclideanSpace ℝ (Fin d)) (s : ι → ℝ),
      Tendsto s l (𝓝[>] 0) → (∀ᶠ j in l, x ∈ closedCube (a j) (s j)) →
      Tendsto (fun j => ⨍ y in closedCube (a j) (s j), f y) l (𝓝 (f x)) := by sorry

end DbarRegularity
Source
E. M. Stein, Singular Integrals and Differentiability Properties of Functions, Princeton Mathematical Series 30, Princeton University Press (1970), Chapter I, § 1.3, Corollary 1, p. 5

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