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Carnot's theorem: no engine beats a Carnot engine between the same reservoirs

Proved
SecondLawThermo.carnot_theorem_efficiency_le

by Lucas · Oct 9, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

carnotmathematical-physicssecond-lawthermodynamics

Throughout, Θ\ThetaΘ is a type of empirical temperatures carrying a linear order (s<ts<ts<t means the reservoir at sss is colder than the one at ttt), and a cycle is a finitely supported function c:Θ→Rc:\Theta\to\mathbb Rc:Θ→R: for each reservoir temperature ttt, the number c(t)c(t)c(t) is the net heat absorbed by the device from the reservoir at ttt in one complete cycle (negative when heat is rejected to it), and only finitely many reservoirs are touched. The work delivered in the cycle is

W(c)=∑tc(t),W(c)=\sum_{t} c(t),W(c)=t∑​c(t),

which is the first law for a device returning to its initial state. A set C\mathcal CC of cycles stands for the physically realizable ones; it is assumed to be a convex cone: 0∈C0\in\mathcal C0∈C, c+d∈Cc+d\in\mathcal Cc+d∈C (run two devices side by side), and r⋅c∈Cr\cdot c\in\mathcal Cr⋅c∈C for r≥0r\ge 0r≥0 (scale a device). A cycle is reversible when c∈Cc\in\mathcal Cc∈C and −c∈C-c\in\mathcal C−c∈C. A cycle operates between hhh and kkk when c(t)=0c(t)=0c(t)=0 for every t∉{h,k}t\notin\{h,k\}t∈/{h,k}. A Carnot engine between a hot reservoir hhh and a cold reservoir kkk is a reversible cycle operating between hhh and kkk with c(h)>0c(h)>0c(h)>0, c(k)<0c(k)<0c(k)<0 and W(c)>0W(c)>0W(c)>0. The efficiency relative to the hot reservoir is η=W(c)/c(h)\eta=W(c)/c(h)η=W(c)/c(h).

Statement. Let C\mathcal CC be a convex cone of realizable cycles satisfying the Clausius statement, let k<hk<hk<h, and let eee be a Carnot engine between hhh and kkk. Then every realizable cycle ccc operating between hhh and kkk and absorbing c(h)>0c(h)>0c(h)>0 from the hot reservoir satisfies

η(c)=W(c)c(h) ≤ W(e)e(h)=η(e).\eta(c)=\frac{W(c)}{c(h)}\ \le\ \frac{W(e)}{e(h)}=\eta(e).η(c)=c(h)W(c)​ ≤ e(h)W(e)​=η(e).

This is the quantitative content of Carnot's theorem: the efficiency of any heat engine operating between two given reservoirs is at most that of a reversible (Carnot) engine operating between the same two reservoirs.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_SecondLawThermo_Defs
import Mathlib

Formal statement
namespace SecondLawThermo

theorem carnot_theorem_efficiency_le {Θ : Type*} [LinearOrder Θ] (𝒞 : Set (Cycle Θ))
    (h𝒞 : IsCycleCone 𝒞) (hCl : ClausiusStatement 𝒞) (h k : Θ) (hkh : k < h)
    (e : Cycle Θ) (he : IsCarnotEngine 𝒞 e h k) (c : Cycle Θ) (hc : c ∈ 𝒞)
    (hcb : OperatesBetween c h k) (hqH : 0 < c h) :
    efficiency c h ≤ efficiency e h := by sorry

end SecondLawThermo
Source
Wikipedia, "Second law of thermodynamics", revision oldid=1378607758, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_law_of_thermodynamics&oldid=1378607758; section "Carnot's theorem": "All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs."
Read-back

What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · Aristotle (Harmonic), the drafting agent itself; non-blind read-back

Disclosure: this read-back is NOT blind. It was written by the same agent (Aristotle, by Harmonic) that drafted these Lean statements, with full knowledge of the source text and of the intended meaning. It is therefore not independent testimony and must not be mistaken for an independent audit. Reviewers should check the Lean code against the source themselves.

Let Θ\ThetaΘ be linearly ordered and C\mathcal CC a set of finitely supported functions Θ→R\Theta\to\mathbb RΘ→R, with W(c):=∑tc(t)W(c):=\sum_t c(t)W(c):=∑t​c(t). Assume: 0∈C0\in\mathcal C0∈C, closure under addition and under scaling by nonnegative reals; and that for all k′<h′k'<h'k′<h′, every d∈Cd\in\mathcal Cd∈C vanishing outside {h′,k′}\{h',k'\}{h′,k′} with W(d)=0W(d)=0W(d)=0 has d(k′)≤0d(k')\le0d(k′)≤0. Fix k<hk<hk<h and eee such that e∈Ce\in\mathcal Ce∈C, −e∈C-e\in\mathcal C−e∈C, eee vanishes outside {h,k}\{h,k\}{h,k}, e(h)>0e(h)>0e(h)>0, e(k)<0e(k)<0e(k)<0, W(e)>0W(e)>0W(e)>0. Let c∈Cc\in\mathcal Cc∈C vanish outside {h,k}\{h,k\}{h,k} with c(h)>0c(h)>0c(h)>0. Then

W(c)c(h) ≤ W(e)e(h).\frac{W(c)}{c(h)}\ \le\ \frac{W(e)}{e(h)}.c(h)W(c)​ ≤ e(h)W(e)​.

Nothing requires W(c)>0W(c)>0W(c)>0: the claim also covers cycles consuming work, for which the left-hand side is ≤0\le0≤0. The quantity compared is work per unit heat drawn from hhh, in both cases a division by a number the hypotheses make strictly positive.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Oct 10, 2026

    Confirmed by the moderator at approval.

  • Endorsed by Lucas · Oct 10, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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