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Thomson N=7N=7N=7: tube rigidity of the pentagonal bipyramid for τ≤1/10\tau\le 1/10τ≤1/10

Proved
ThomsonN7.Glue.tubeRigid_of_le

by Lucas · Oct 10, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

discrete-geometrythomson-problem

Let P=(P0,…,P6)P=(P_0,\dots,P_6)P=(P0​,…,P6​) be the pentagonal bipyramid with the regular pentagon Pk=(cos⁡2πk5,sin⁡2πk5,0)P_k=(\cos\tfrac{2\pi k}5,\sin\tfrac{2\pi k}5,0)Pk​=(cos52πk​,sin52πk​,0) at indices k=0,…,4k=0,\dots,4k=0,…,4 and the poles (0,0,±1)(0,0,\pm1)(0,0,±1) at indices 5,65,65,6; let φ(t)=(2−2t)−1/2\varphi(t)=(2-2t)^{-1/2}φ(t)=(2−2t)−1/2, so that ∥x−y∥−1=φ(⟨x,y⟩)\|x-y\|^{-1}=\varphi(\langle x,y\rangle)∥x−y∥−1=φ(⟨x,y⟩) for unit vectors, and write gij=⟨Pi,Pj⟩g_{ij}=\langle P_i,P_j\ranglegij​=⟨Pi​,Pj​⟩ and E(y)=∑i<j∥yi−yj∥−1E(y)=\sum_{i<j}\|y_i-y_j\|^{-1}E(y)=∑i<j​∥yi​−yj​∥−1. Let c1=cos⁡2π5c_1=\cos\tfrac{2\pi}5c1​=cos52π​ and c2=cos⁡4π5c_2=\cos\tfrac{4\pi}5c2​=cos54π​.

Let τ≤110\tau\le\tfrac1{10}τ≤101​ and let y0,…,y6y_0,\dots,y_6y0​,…,y6​ be unit vectors in R3\mathbb R^3R3 such that

  1. ∣⟨y0,y1⟩+1∣≤τ|\langle y_0,y_1\rangle+1|\le\tau∣⟨y0​,y1​⟩+1∣≤τ;
  2. ∣⟨y0,yr⟩∣≤τ|\langle y_0,y_r\rangle|\le\tau∣⟨y0​,yr​⟩∣≤τ and ∣⟨y1,yr⟩∣≤τ|\langle y_1,y_r\rangle|\le\tau∣⟨y1​,yr​⟩∣≤τ for r=2,…,6r=2,\dots,6r=2,…,6;
  3. for 2≤r<r′≤62\le r<r'\le62≤r<r′≤6, ∣⟨yr,yr′⟩−c1∣≤τ|\langle y_r,y_{r'}\rangle-c_1|\le\tau∣⟨yr​,yr′​⟩−c1​∣≤τ or ∣⟨yr,yr′⟩−c2∣≤τ|\langle y_r,y_{r'}\rangle-c_2|\le\tau∣⟨yr​,yr′​⟩−c2​∣≤τ.

Then there is a permutation σ\sigmaσ of {0,…,6}\{0,\dots,6\}{0,…,6} with

∣⟨yi,yj⟩−⟨Pσ(i),Pσ(j)⟩∣≤τfor all i≠j.\big|\langle y_i,y_j\rangle-\langle P_{\sigma(i)},P_{\sigma(j)}\rangle\big|\le\tau\qquad\text{for all }i\ne j.​⟨yi​,yj​⟩−⟨Pσ(i)​,Pσ(j)​⟩​≤τfor all i=j.

The point is combinatorial: colouring the edges of K5K_5K5​ on the five ring points by "near c1c_1c1​"/"near c2c_2c2​", no triangle can be monochromatic (a Gram-determinant argument), and the only triangle-free 2-colourings of K5K_5K5​ are a pentagon/pentagram pair, which matches the ring of PPP after relabelling.

Formalization Note All named objects (pentBipyramid, coulombEnergy, Base.phi, Reg.W, Reg.muP, Reg.gP, Reg.tau, Reg.Dpair, Reg.Qhess, Reg.Pen, Glue.TubeRigid) come from the platform definition ThomsonN7_core, taken verbatim from the source; R3 is EuclideanSpace ℝ (Fin 3).

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_ThomsonN7_core
Formal statement
namespace ThomsonN7

theorem Glue.tubeRigid_of_le {τ : ℝ} (h : τ ≤ 1 / 10) : Glue.TubeRigid τ := by sorry

end ThomsonN7
Source
H. Tran, Thomson problem N = 7 Lean proof package, https://github.com/huwngtran/thomson-n7-lean @ 25f2fa53119273458cfbb3c4230904bffdd61e53: paper/PAPER.md §7.2 step 3 (rigidity); Lean `ThomsonN7.Glue.tubeRigid_of_le`, https://github.com/huwngtran/thomson-n7-lean/blob/25f2fa53119273458cfbb3c4230904bffdd61e53/formal/lean/ThomsonN7/Solution.lean#L12484

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