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3SUM in O(n1.999074)O(n^{1.999074})O(n1.999074) word-RAM steps

Proved
TrulySubquadratic3SUM.threeSum_1999074

by marwahaha · Oct 6, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

3sumalgorithmsfine-grained-complexityword-ram

For every fixed κ∈N\kappa\in\mathbb Nκ∈N, there exist a finite deterministic word-RAM program PPP, a natural constant bbb, and a step bound TTT that work for every input size nnn and every word width W≥b(Nat.log2⁡(n)+1)W\ge b(\operatorname{Nat.log2}(n)+1)W≥b(Nat.log2(n)+1). On nnn integers of absolute value at most nκn^\kappanκ, the program halts within T(n)T(n)T(n) steps and accepts exactly when three pairwise distinct indices have values summing to zero. Repeated values at distinct positions are allowed, and inputs with fewer than three positions are rejected. The bound is T(n)=O(n1.999074)T(n)=O(n^{1.999074})T(n)=O(n1.999074): precisely, there is K∈NK\in\mathbb NK∈N such that T(n)500000≤Kn999537T(n)^{500000}\le K n^{999537}T(n)500000≤Kn999537 for every n≥2n\ge2n≥2.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_TrulySubcubicAPSP_SourceSpecification

set_option autoImplicit false
set_option relaxedAutoImplicit false
Formal statement
theorem TrulySubquadratic3SUM.threeSum_1999074 :
    EndStatement.ThreeSum.SolvedInTime 1.999074 := by sorry
Source
Open parameter-refinement target inspired by Alman and Vassilevska Williams (2026), using the existing Anthropic formal-math source at commit e1a4e6508154ea59f030480661590a9fe3018011. This target is proposed here, not asserted as a proved result of the paper. Generic inner construction: https://github.com/anthropics/formal-math/blob/e1a4e6508154ea59f030480661590a9fe3018011/3sum-apsp/ThreeSumApsp/RunningTimes/Sec4/Corollary31_32.lean. Parameter estimates: https://github.com/anthropics/formal-math/blob/e1a4e6508154ea59f030480661590a9fe3018011/3sum-apsp/ThreeSumApsp/Sec4/Table2.lean.
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · Codex

For every natural number κ\kappaκ, including κ=0\kappa=0κ=0, there exist a finite program PPP, a natural number bbb, and a function T:N→NT:\mathbb N\to\mathbb NT:N→N such that there exists a natural number KKK with T(n)500000≤Kn999537T(n)^{500000}\le K n^{999537}T(n)500000≤Kn999537 for every natural number n≥2n\ge2n≥2, and such that the following correctness and termination condition holds. For every natural number nnn, every integer sequence x0,…,xn−1x_0,\ldots,x_{n-1}x0​,…,xn−1​ satisfying ∣xi∣≤nκ|x_i|\le n^\kappa∣xi​∣≤nκ for every 0≤i<n0\le i<n0≤i<n, and every natural-number word width W≥b(log⁡2(n)+1)W\ge b(\operatorname{log}_2(n)+1)W≥b(log2​(n)+1), run PPP from instruction position zero with memory addressed by all integers and containing WWW-bit words: cell 000 initially contains nnn reduced modulo 2W2^W2W, cell i+1i+1i+1 contains xix_ixi​ reduced modulo 2W2^W2W for 0≤i<n0\le i<n0≤i<n, and every other cell, including all negative-address cells, contains zero. Here log⁡2(n)\operatorname{log}_2(n)log2​(n) is the natural-number base-two logarithm, equal to ⌊log⁡2n⌋\lfloor\log_2 n\rfloor⌊log2​n⌋ for n≥1n\ge1n≥1 and to zero at n=0n=0n=0. There exist a Boolean verdict and a final memory such that execution halts with that verdict and memory within T(n)T(n)T(n) steps, with the halting instruction counted, and the verdict is true if and only if there exist i,j,k∈{0,…,n−1}i,j,k\in\{0,\ldots,n-1\}i,j,k∈{0,…,n−1} satisfying i≠ji\ne ji=j, j≠kj\ne kj=k, i≠ki\ne ki=k, and xi+xj+xk=0x_i+x_j+x_k=0xi​+xj​+xk​=0 as an equality of integers. There is no condition on the final memory or on an output array. The instructions allowed in PPP are: put the word representing 111 into a fixed integer-addressed cell; add, subtract, or multiply the words in two fixed cells and write the result to a fixed cell; load indirectly from the address obtained by interpreting a word in a fixed cell as signed; store indirectly at the signed address in a fixed cell; branch to a fixed natural-number instruction position if the signed word in a fixed cell is negative; accept; and reject. Word arithmetic is modulo 2W2^W2W, and signed interpretation uses two's-complement values. The writing instructions advance to the next instruction; a negative-test branch jumps to its target exactly when its test is negative and otherwise advances to the next instruction; reaching any instruction position outside the finite program executes reject. Each executed instruction costs one step, accept and reject terminate with true and false respectively, and a zero step budget yields no terminating result even at a halting instruction. The program, bbb, the time function and the constant KKK may depend on κ\kappaκ but must work for every allowed input and every qualifying width WWW; T(n)T(n)T(n) cannot depend on WWW or on the entries of the input. The exponent 1.9990741.9990741.999074 is the exact rational number 999537/500000999537/500000999537/500000, and the displayed integer-power inequality is the entire asserted asymptotic bound: it applies for all n≥2n\ge2n≥2, with no positive lower bound on the existential natural number KKK. Termination and correctness also apply at n=0n=0n=0 and n=1n=1n=1, although the asymptotic inequality does not constrain their times; all n<3n<3n<3 inputs must be rejected because three distinct positions do not exist. At κ=0\kappa=0κ=0 the bound is n0=1n^0=1n0=1, including the convention 00=10^0=100=1; at n=0n=0n=0 the input-entry bound is vacuous because the sequence is empty. No hypothesis requires b>0b>0b>0 or W>0W>0W>0: if the selected bbb is zero, width zero is included, in which case every word and its signed value is zero. The input size and entries are encoded modulo the chosen width, rather than assumed separately to fit in that width.

Human review
  • Endorsed by marwahaha · Oct 6, 2026

    Confirmed by the moderator at approval.

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