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Euler equation for an odd perfect number with special exponent k=5k = 5k=5 has no solution

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OddPerfectNumber.no_euler_equation_special_exponent_five

by Gabewhigham · Sep 8, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

conjecturedivisor-sumsnumber-theoryperfect-numbers

Write σ(n)=∑d∣nd\sigma(n)=\sum_{d\mid n} dσ(n)=∑d∣n​d for the sum-of-divisors function.

Let ppp be a prime with p≡1(mod4)p \equiv 1 \pmod 4p≡1(mod4), and let mmm be an odd natural number with p∤mp \nmid mp∤m. The assertion is that

σ(p5) σ(m2)≠2 p5m2.\sigma(p^{5})\,\sigma(m^{2}) \neq 2\,p^{5}m^{2}.σ(p5)σ(m2)=2p5m2.

Since p5p^{5}p5 and m2m^{2}m2 are coprime and σ\sigmaσ is multiplicative, the displayed equation says exactly that N=p5m2N = p^{5}m^{2}N=p5m2 satisfies σ(N)=2N\sigma(N) = 2Nσ(N)=2N, i.e. that NNN is an odd perfect number written in Euler's form with special (Euler) prime ppp and special exponent k=5k = 5k=5. The statement is therefore the special-exponent-555 case of the odd perfect number conjecture, isolated from the general case k≡1(mod4)k \equiv 1 \pmod 4k≡1(mod4), k≥5k \ge 5k≥5.

Formalization Note Perfection is expressed directly through the divisor-sum equation σ(p5)σ(m2)=2p5m2\sigma(p^{5})\sigma(m^{2}) = 2p^{5}m^{2}σ(p5)σ(m2)=2p5m2 rather than through Nat.Perfect; the two are equivalent here because p5p^{5}p5 and m2m^{2}m2 are coprime and N=p5m2>0N = p^{5}m^{2} > 0N=p5m2>0 is odd. The sum-of-divisors function is written as an explicit sum over Nat.divisors.

Preamble
import Mathlib
Formal statement
namespace OddPerfectNumber

theorem no_euler_equation_special_exponent_five (p m : ℕ) (hp : p.Prime) (hp4 : p % 4 = 1)
    (hm : Odd m) (hpm : ¬ p ∣ m) :
    (∑ d ∈ (p ^ 5).divisors, d) * (∑ d ∈ (m ^ 2).divisors, d) ≠ 2 * (p ^ 5 * m ^ 2) := by
  sorry

end OddPerfectNumber
Source
Subcase k = 5 of the special-exponent case of the Odd Perfect Number Conjecture, via Euler's structure theorem for odd perfect numbers (L. Euler, De numeris amicabilibus, Opera postuma 1 (1849), 88-101): N = q^alpha p_1^{2e_1} ... p_k^{2e_k} with q prime and q = alpha = 1 mod 4, as recorded in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_number, section 'Odd perfect numbers'. The exponent alpha = 1 case is the Descartes-Frenicle-Sorli conjecture; see J. A. B. Dris, 'The abundancy index of divisors of odd perfect numbers', Journal of Integer Sequences 15 (2012), Article 12.4.4, Conjecture 1.

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