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A punctured open ball in a real normed space is homotopy equivalent to the unit sphere

Proved
SP4Mission.nonempty_homotopyEquiv_punctured_ball_sphere

by ryanshin · Sep 8, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

algebraic-topologyhomotopysp4-foundationsspherestopology

Let EEE be a real normed vector space, let c∈Ec\in Ec∈E and let r>0r>0r>0. The punctured open ball B(c,r)∖{c}B(c,r)\setminus\{c\}B(c,r)∖{c}, with the subspace topology, is homotopy equivalent to the unit sphere S(E)={u∈E:∥u∥=1}S(E)=\{u\in E:\|u\|=1\}S(E)={u∈E:∥u∥=1}:

B(c,r)∖{c}  ≃  S(E).B(c,r)\setminus\{c\}\;\simeq\;S(E).B(c,r)∖{c}≃S(E).

A homotopy equivalence is given by radial projection y↦(y−c)/∥y−c∥y\mapsto (y-c)/\|y-c\|y↦(y−c)/∥y−c∥, with homotopy inverse the inclusion u↦c+r2 uu\mapsto c+\tfrac r2\,uu↦c+2r​u of the sphere of radius r/2r/2r/2 about ccc; the composite on the punctured ball is homotopic to the identity through the radial deformation y↦c+((1−t)r2+t∥y−c∥) y−c∥y−c∥y\mapsto c+\bigl((1-t)\tfrac r2+t\|y-c\|\bigr)\,\frac{y-c}{\|y-c\|}y↦c+((1−t)2r​+t∥y−c∥)∥y−c∥y−c​, t∈[0,1]t\in[0,1]t∈[0,1], which stays in the punctured ball. This is the deformation retraction of Rn∖{0}\mathbb R^n\setminus\{0\}Rn∖{0} onto Sn−1S^{n-1}Sn−1 (Hatcher, Chapter 0, Exercise 2), restricted to a ball and stated for an arbitrary real normed space. Its role here is to transport simple connectivity from the sphere to punctured coordinate balls in a manifold: a punctured coordinate ball in an nnn-manifold, n≥3n\ge3n≥3, is simply connected because Sn−1S^{n-1}Sn−1 is.

Formalization Note The statement is Nonempty (ContinuousMap.HomotopyEquiv ↥(Metric.ball c r \ {c}) ↥(Metric.sphere (0 : E) 1)), Mathlib's notion of homotopy equivalence between the two subtypes. No finite-dimensionality or inner-product structure is assumed on E.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_SP4Sphere

set_option autoImplicit false

open scoped Manifold ContDiff
open SP4Mission
Formal statement
theorem SP4Mission.nonempty_homotopyEquiv_punctured_ball_sphere
    {E : Type*} [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace ℝ E] (c : E) {r : ℝ} (hr : 0 < r) :
    Nonempty (ContinuousMap.HomotopyEquiv ↥(Metric.ball c r \ {c}) ↥(Metric.sphere (0 : E) 1)) := by
  sorry
Source
Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press, 2002 (author's edition: https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/AT.pdf), Chapter 0, Exercises, Exercise 2, p. 18: "Construct an explicit deformation retraction of Rⁿ − {0} onto S^{n−1}"; here the radial deformation is restricted to the open ball B(c, r) about c, retracting onto the sphere of radius r/2, in an arbitrary real normed space. Reduction child of SP4Mission.compl_singleton_simplyConnectedAtInfinity.

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