For real variables p , s , a , b , c p,s,a,b,c p , s , a , b , c , set
K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K . K=a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca),\qquad S=p^2+s^2,\qquad C=S+K. K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( ab + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K .
The shear components and wall rates are
P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a b − 2 b c + a c , P=Kp-2a^2+b^2+c^2+ab-2bc+ac, P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab − 2 b c + a c ,
Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + a b − a c ) , Q=Ks+\sqrt{3}(-b^2+c^2+ab-ac), Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + ab − a c ) ,
r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s . r_1=-S+2p,\qquad r_2=-S-p+\sqrt{3}s,\qquad r_3=-S-p-\sqrt{3}s. r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s .
These functions define the normalized vacuum Bianchi IX vector field
( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) (P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 y=(m,u,v,w)\in\mathbb R^4 y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 , define
K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( u v + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) , K(u,v,w)=u^2+v^2+w^2-2(uv+vw+wu),\qquad \kappa=u(v+w-u), K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( uv + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) ,
F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − m κ , F u = 1 2 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u , F_m=-v^2+w^2+u(v-w)-m\kappa,\qquad
F_u=\tfrac12(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)u, F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − mκ , F u = 2 1 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u ,
F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) , F_v=(m-1-\kappa)v,\qquad F_w=(-m-1-\kappa)w,\qquad
F=(F_m,F_u,F_v,F_w), F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) ,
and E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 E(m,v)=(m-1)^2+v^2 E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
For x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) x=(p,s,a,b,c) x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) , put
ψ ( p , z ) = 3 z 1 + p , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c ) ) . \psi(p,z)=\frac{\sqrt3\,z}{1+p},\qquad
\Pi(x)=(\psi(p,s),\psi(p,a),\psi(p,b),\psi(p,c)). ψ ( p , z ) = 1 + p 3 z , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c )) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , set D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(y)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) and
Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , A m 3 , A u 3 , A v 3 , A w 3 ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6 / D ( y ) ( y ) . \Xi_A(y)=\left(A-1,\frac{Am}{\sqrt3},\frac{Au}{\sqrt3},
\frac{Av}{\sqrt3},\frac{Aw}{\sqrt3}\right),\qquad
\Xi(y)=\Xi_{6/D(y)}(y). Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , 3 A m , 3 A u , 3 A v , 3 A w ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6/ D ( y ) ( y ) .
Write N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) N(x)=(P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) for the normalized vector field
and C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) \mathcal C(x)=C(p,s,a,b,c) C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) for its constraint.
The normalized and projective state spaces are R 5 \mathbb R^5 R 5 and R 4 \mathbb R^4 R 4
with their finite-product norms. The maps Π , Ξ , D , F \Pi,\Xi,D,F Π , Ξ , D , F act on these state spaces.
The projective vector field in normalized time is
G ( y ) = 6 D ( y ) F ( y ) . G(y)=\frac6{D(y)}F(y). G ( y ) = D ( y ) 6 F ( y ) .
Write X = R 5 X=\mathbb R^5 X = R 5 , Y = R 4 Y=\mathbb R^4 Y = R 4 , and let α x , t 0 \alpha_{x,t_0} α x , t 0 be the
maximal solution of α ′ = N ( α ) \alpha'=N(\alpha) α ′ = N ( α ) with initial value x x x at t 0 t_0 t 0
and domain I max ( x , t 0 ) I_{\max}(x,t_0) I m a x ( x , t 0 ) . Put
J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) , J_{x,t_0}(t)=d_x\alpha_{x,t_0}(t),\qquad
\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)=\Pi(\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)), J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t )) ,
J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y . \mathcal J_{y,t_0}(t)=d\Pi_{\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)}
\circ J_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)\circ d\Xi_y. J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y .
Put c = u ( v + w − u ) c=u(v+w-u) c = u ( v + w − u ) , s ( m , u , v , w ) = m − 1 − c s(m,u,v,w)=m-1-c s ( m , u , v , w ) = m − 1 − c ,
b ( m , u , v , w ) = ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) / 2 b(m,u,v,w)=(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)/2 b ( m , u , v , w ) = ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) /2 ,
D ( m , u , v , w ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(m,u,v,w)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( m , u , v , w ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) , and r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 r(m,v)=\sqrt{(m-1)^2+v^2} r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
Define
C μ = { ( m , u , v , w ) : ∣ − m − μ ∣ ≤ 1 / 2 , 0 ≤ u ≤ 1 / 10000 , 0 ≤ v , w ≤ 1 } , \mathcal C_\mu=\{(m,u,v,w):|-m-\mu|\leq1/2,
\ 0\leq u\leq1/10000,\ 0\leq v,w\leq1\}, C μ = {( m , u , v , w ) : ∣ − m − μ ∣ ≤ 1/2 , 0 ≤ u ≤ 1/10000 , 0 ≤ v , w ≤ 1 } ,
ω − ( y ) = s ( − y m , y u , y v , y w ) , H ( y ) = F ( y ) / ω − ( y ) . \omega_-(y)=s(-y_m,y_u,y_v,y_w),\qquad H(y)=F(y)/\omega_-(y). ω − ( y ) = s ( − y m , y u , y v , y w ) , H ( y ) = F ( y ) / ω − ( y ) .
For a normalized trajectory write
β ( t ) = Π ( α x , t 0 ( t ) ) , A ( t ) = 1 + ( α x , t 0 ( t ) ) 0 , I = I max ( x , t 0 ) . \beta(t)=\Pi(\alpha_{x,t_0}(t)),\quad A(t)=1+(\alpha_{x,t_0}(t))_0,
\quad I=I_{\max}(x,t_0). β ( t ) = Π ( α x , t 0 ( t )) , A ( t ) = 1 + ( α x , t 0 ( t ) ) 0 , I = I m a x ( x , t 0 ) .
For the positive reflected phase variable m m m , put
n ( a , b ) = a 2 + b 2 , j ( a , b ) = 1 n ( a , b ) ( n ( a , b ) + a ) , n(a,b)=\sqrt{a^2+b^2},\quad j(a,b)=\frac1{n(a,b)(n(a,b)+a)}, n ( a , b ) = a 2 + b 2 , j ( a , b ) = n ( a , b ) ( n ( a , b ) + a ) 1 ,
ϕ = n ( m + 1 , v ) + n ( m − 1 , w ) − m , h = m + 1 n ( m + 1 , v ) + m − 1 n ( m − 1 , w ) − 1 , \phi=n(m+1,v)+n(m-1,w)-m,\quad
h=\frac{m+1}{n(m+1,v)}+\frac{m-1}{n(m-1,w)}-1, ϕ = n ( m + 1 , v ) + n ( m − 1 , w ) − m , h = n ( m + 1 , v ) m + 1 + n ( m − 1 , w ) m − 1 − 1 ,
Q = m h + v 2 n ( m + 1 , v ) + w 2 n ( m − 1 , w ) , k = j ( m + 1 , v ) − j ( m − 1 , w ) . Q=mh+\frac{v^2}{n(m+1,v)}+\frac{w^2}{n(m-1,w)},\quad
k=j(m+1,v)-j(m-1,w). Q = mh + n ( m + 1 , v ) v 2 + n ( m − 1 , w ) w 2 , k = j ( m + 1 , v ) − j ( m − 1 , w ) .
Write κ = u ( v + w − u ) \kappa=u(v+w-u) κ = u ( v + w − u ) , s = m − 1 − κ s=m-1-\kappa s = m − 1 − κ ,
b = ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) / 2 b=(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)/2 b = ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) /2 , and
M v = − v 2 n ( m + 1 , v ) h , M w = − w 2 n ( m − 1 , w ) h . M_v=-\frac{v^2}{n(m+1,v)h},\qquad M_w=-\frac{w^2}{n(m-1,w)h}. M v = − n ( m + 1 , v ) h v 2 , M w = − n ( m − 1 , w ) h w 2 .
The four coordinate differential operators, in the order
( ϕ , log u , log v , log w ) (\phi,\log u,\log v,\log w) ( ϕ , log u , log v , log w ) , are
L 0 = h − 1 ∂ m , L 1 = u ∂ u , L 2 = M v ∂ m + v ∂ v , L 3 = M w ∂ m + w ∂ w . L_0=h^{-1}\partial_m,\quad L_1=u\partial_u,\quad
L_2=M_v\partial_m+v\partial_v,\quad L_3=M_w\partial_m+w\partial_w. L 0 = h − 1 ∂ m , L 1 = u ∂ u , L 2 = M v ∂ m + v ∂ v , L 3 = M w ∂ m + w ∂ w .
Subscripts i i i below denote the rational expressions obtained by these
rules, with total real-field division. On the regular positive-wall
region they are the corresponding coordinate partial derivatives. Set
N = h ( v − w ) + ( v + w − u ) Q , R = h ( v − w ) + ( v + w − u ) ( Q − s ) , N=h(v-w)+(v+w-u)Q,\quad R=h(v-w)+(v+w-u)(Q-s), N = h ( v − w ) + ( v + w − u ) Q , R = h ( v − w ) + ( v + w − u ) ( Q − s ) ,
A = − N / s , B = k / s , G = u A + ( v w ) 2 B , α = b / s , β = − 1 − 2 ( 1 + κ ) / s . A=-N/s,\quad B=k/s,\quad G=uA+(vw)^2B,\quad
\alpha=b/s,\quad \beta=-1-2(1+\kappa)/s. A = − N / s , B = k / s , G = u A + ( v w ) 2 B , α = b / s , β = − 1 − 2 ( 1 + κ ) / s .
The coefficient matrix C C C has rows ( G i ) i (G_i)_i ( G i ) i , ( α i ) i (\alpha_i)_i ( α i ) i and
( β i ) i (\beta_i)_i ( β i ) i .
For a projective state y y y , evaluate the reflected formulas at
( m , u , v , w ) = ( − y 0 , y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) (m,u,v,w)=(-y_0,y_1,y_2,y_3) ( m , u , v , w ) = ( − y 0 , y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) . Define
χ ( y ) = ( ϕ , log y 1 , log y 2 , log y 3 ) , \chi(y)=(\phi,\log y_1,\log y_2,\log y_3), χ ( y ) = ( ϕ , log y 1 , log y 2 , log y 3 ) ,
T y ξ = ( − h ξ 0 + y 2 ξ 2 n ( − y 0 + 1 , y 2 ) + y 3 ξ 3 n ( − y 0 − 1 , y 3 ) , ξ 1 y 1 , ξ 2 y 2 , ξ 3 y 3 ) . \mathcal T_y\xi=\left(-h\xi_0+
\frac{y_2\xi_2}{n(-y_0+1,y_2)}+
\frac{y_3\xi_3}{n(-y_0-1,y_3)},
\frac{\xi_1}{y_1},\frac{\xi_2}{y_2},\frac{\xi_3}{y_3}\right). T y ξ = ( − h ξ 0 + n ( − y 0 + 1 , y 2 ) y 2 ξ 2 + n ( − y 0 − 1 , y 3 ) y 3 ξ 3 , y 1 ξ 1 , y 2 ξ 2 , y 3 ξ 3 ) .
Let A y d = ( ∑ i C 0 i d i , ∑ i C 1 i d i , ∑ i C 2 i d i , 0 ) \mathcal A_y d=(\sum_i C_{0i}d_i,\sum_i C_{1i}d_i,
\sum_i C_{2i}d_i,0) A y d = ( ∑ i C 0 i d i , ∑ i C 1 i d i , ∑ i C 2 i d i , 0 ) and W μ d = ( d 1 , μ 2 d 2 ) W_\mu d=(d_1,\mu^2d_2) W μ d = ( d 1 , μ 2 d 2 ) , with the sup norm.
The original-time clock rate is Ω ( y ) = 6 ω − ( y ) / D ( y ) \Omega(y)=6\omega_-(y)/D(y) Ω ( y ) = 6 ω − ( y ) / D ( y ) .
For Y = Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) Y=\Psi_{t_0}(y,t) Y = Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) and ξ = d y Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) v \xi=d_y\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)v ξ = d y Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) v , set
P y , t 0 , t v = ξ − ( ξ 3 / Y 3 − v 3 / y 3 ) H ( Y ) , D y , t 0 , t v = T Y ( P y , t 0 , t v ) . \mathcal P_{y,t_0,t}v=\xi-(\xi_3/Y_3-v_3/y_3)H(Y),\qquad
\mathcal D_{y,t_0,t}v=\mathcal T_Y(\mathcal P_{y,t_0,t}v). P y , t 0 , t v = ξ − ( ξ 3 / Y 3 − v 3 / y 3 ) H ( Y ) , D y , t 0 , t v = T Y ( P y , t 0 , t v ) .
Thus D \mathcal D D is the logarithmic variation at fixed relative
growing-wall clock.
For B μ = 64 ( 4 y 1 + y 2 2 / ( 2 μ 3 ) + y 2 y 3 / ( 2 μ 2 ) ) B_\mu=64(4y_1+y_2^2/(2\mu^3)+y_2y_3/(2\mu^2)) B μ = 64 ( 4 y 1 + y 2 2 / ( 2 μ 3 ) + y 2 y 3 / ( 2 μ 2 )) , define
B ˙ μ = 64 ( 4 H 1 + 2 y 2 H 2 2 μ 3 + H 2 y 3 + y 2 H 3 2 μ 2 ) . \dot B_\mu=64\left(4H_1+\frac{2y_2H_2}{2\mu^3}
+\frac{H_2y_3+y_2H_3}{2\mu^2}\right). B ˙ μ = 64 ( 4 H 1 + 2 μ 3 2 y 2 H 2 + 2 μ 2 H 2 y 3 + y 2 H 3 ) .