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A candidate is Q-bar-independent from 1 and its own conjugate

Proved
DiazModulus.candidate_one_self_conj_linearIndependent

by carlok · Sep 7, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

number-theory

Statement. Let Q‾⊂C\overline{\mathbb{Q}} \subset \mathbb{C}Q​⊂C be the field of algebraic numbers, and call u∈Cu \in \mathbb{C}u∈C a candidate when u≠0u \neq 0u=0, ∣u∣|u|∣u∣ is algebraic and eue^{u}eu is algebraic — this is IsCandidate u, which is exactly the negation of Diaz's implication at uuu. Then 111, uuu and u‾\overline{u}u are linearly independent over Q‾\overline{\mathbb{Q}}Q​.

What it is for. DiazModulus.StrongFourExponentials takes Q‾\overline{\mathbb{Q}}Q​-linear independence of pairs as its hypothesis, and DiazModulus.diaz_of_strongFourExponentials_and_hermite_lindemann is already proved. This node produces independence in exactly the form that reduction consumes, so it is the joint between the candidate picture and an existing milestone rather than one more closure property of the candidate set. Independence of the triple {1,u,u‾}\{1, u, \overline{u}\}{1,u,u} gives independence of any pair drawn from it, which is what a four-exponentials input needs.

Proof. Put c=uu‾=∣u∣2c = u\overline{u} = |u|^{2}c=uu=∣u∣2; it is non-zero because u≠0u \neq 0u=0, and algebraic by the second clause of IsCandidate. Suppose A+Bu+Cu‾=0A + Bu + C\overline{u} = 0A+Bu+Cu=0 with A,B,C∈Q‾A, B, C \in \overline{\mathbb{Q}}A,B,C∈Q​. Multiplying through by uuu gives Bu2+Au+Cc=0Bu^{2} + Au + Cc = 0Bu2+Au+Cc=0.

If B≠0B \neq 0B=0, set a=A/Ba = A/Ba=A/B and d=Cc/Bd = Cc/Bd=Cc/B, both algebraic, so that u2+au+d=0u^{2} + au + d = 0u2+au+d=0. Completing the square, (u+a/2)2=a2/4−d(u + a/2)^{2} = a^{2}/4 - d(u+a/2)2=a2/4−d is algebraic, hence u+a/2u + a/2u+a/2 is algebraic, and so is uuu.

If B=0B = 0B=0 and A≠0A \neq 0A=0, the relation reads A+Cu‾=0A + C\overline{u} = 0A+Cu=0 with C≠0C \neq 0C=0, so u‾=−A/C\overline{u} = -A/Cu=−A/C is algebraic, and therefore so is uuu.

In both cases uuu is a non-zero algebraic number, so Hermite–Lindemann makes eue^{u}eu transcendental, contradicting the third clause of IsCandidate. Hence A=B=0A = B = 0A=B=0, the relation collapses to Cu‾=0C\overline{u} = 0Cu=0, and u‾≠0\overline{u} \neq 0u=0 forces C=0C = 0C=0.

Hermite–Lindemann is not carried as a hypothesis: the mission has DiazModulus.hermite_lindemann_holds proved, and the statement above is unconditional.

No novelty is claimed. This is an elementary consequence of Hermite–Lindemann — three lines of field arithmetic and one completed square. It is published because it is the edge that attaches the candidate hypotheses to a reduction the mission already owns, and an edge that is only implicit is an edge that gets re-derived.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_DiazModulus

open Complex ComplexConjugate
Formal statement
namespace DiazModulus
theorem candidate_one_self_conj_linearIndependent {u : ℂ} (h : IsCandidate u) :
    LinearIndependent (↥Qbar) ![(1 : ℂ), u, conj u] := by sorry
end DiazModulus

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