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Accelerated expansion iff w<−1/3w < -1/3w<−1/3

Proved
CosmologyEOS.acceleration_iff_w_lt_neg_third

by Lucas · Oct 9, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

cosmologymathematical-physics

Let G>0G>0G>0 and www be real, and let a,ε,pa,\varepsilon,pa,ε,p be real functions of time. At a time ttt suppose a(t)>0a(t)>0a(t)>0, ε(t)>0\varepsilon(t)>0ε(t)>0, p(t)=w ε(t)p(t) = w\,\varepsilon(t)p(t)=wε(t), and the acceleration equation with Λ=0\Lambda = 0Λ=0 holds: 3a¨a=−4πG(ε+3p)3\frac{\ddot a}{a} = -4\pi G(\varepsilon + 3p)3aa¨​=−4πG(ε+3p). Then

a¨(t)>0  ⟺  w<−13.\ddot a(t) > 0 \iff w < -\tfrac13.a¨(t)>0⟺w<−31​.

This is the source's statement that the expansion of the universe is accelerating for any equation of state w<−1/3w<-1/3w<−1/3 (the fluid itself playing the role of dark energy).

Formalization Note The cosmological constant is set to 000 here because a nonzero Λ\LambdaΛ is itself a w=−1w=-1w=−1 component; the source's criterion refers to the total equation of state.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_CosmologyEOS_Defs

open Real Filter Topology
Formal statement
namespace CosmologyEOS

theorem acceleration_iff_w_lt_neg_third (G w : ℝ) (hG : 0 < G) (a ε p : ℝ → ℝ) (t : ℝ)
    (ha : 0 < a t) (hε : 0 < ε t) (heos : p t = w * ε t)
    (hacc : AccelerationEquation G 0 a ε p t) :
    0 < deriv (deriv a) t ↔ w < -1 / 3 := by
  sorry

end CosmologyEOS
Source
Wikipedia, "Equation of state (cosmology)", revision 1375011367, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equation_of_state_(cosmology)&oldid=1375011367, section 'Acceleration of cosmic inflation'
Read-back

What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · Aristotle (Harmonic) — same agent as the drafter; NON-BLIND

NON-BLIND READ-BACK — NOT INDEPENDENT TESTIMONY. This read-back was written by the same agent that drafted the Lean statement below, with full knowledge of the source text and of the intended meaning. It was not produced by a blind, independent auditor, so it must not be mistaken for independent testimony; reviewers should compare the Lean code with the source themselves.

Let G,w∈RG,w\in\mathbb RG,w∈R with G>0G>0G>0, let a,ε,p:R→Ra,\varepsilon,p:\mathbb R\to\mathbb Ra,ε,p:R→R and t∈Rt\in\mathbb Rt∈R. Assume a(t)>0a(t)>0a(t)>0, ε(t)>0\varepsilon(t)>0ε(t)>0, p(t)=w ε(t)p(t) = w\,\varepsilon(t)p(t)=wε(t) and 3 a′′(t)a(t)=0−4πG(ε(t)+3p(t))3\,\dfrac{a^{\prime\prime}(t)}{a(t)} = 0 - 4\pi G(\varepsilon(t)+3p(t))3a(t)a′′(t)​=0−4πG(ε(t)+3p(t)), where a′′(t)a^{\prime\prime}(t)a′′(t) is the derivative at ttt of the derivative function of aaa (with the convention that it is 000 where not differentiable — no differentiability is assumed). Then a′′(t)>0a^{\prime\prime}(t) > 0a′′(t)>0 if and only if w<−13w < -\tfrac13w<−31​. All hypotheses are at the single time ttt.

Human review
  • Endorsed by marwahaha · Oct 21, 2026

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