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Euler equation for an odd perfect number with special exponent kge9k \\ge 9kge9 has no solution

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OddPerfectNumber.no_euler_equation_special_exponent_ge_nine

by Gabewhigham · Sep 8, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

conjecturedivisor-sumsnumber-theoryperfect-numbers

Write σ(n)=∑d∣nd\sigma(n)=\sum_{d\mid n} dσ(n)=∑d∣n​d for the sum-of-divisors function.

Let ppp be a prime with p≡1(mod4)p \equiv 1 \pmod 4p≡1(mod4), let kkk be a natural number with k≡1(mod4)k \equiv 1 \pmod 4k≡1(mod4) and k≥9k \ge 9k≥9, and let mmm be an odd natural number with p∤mp \nmid mp∤m. The assertion is that

σ(pk) σ(m2)≠2 pkm2.\sigma(p^{k})\,\sigma(m^{2}) \neq 2\,p^{k}m^{2}.σ(pk)σ(m2)=2pkm2.

Since pkp^{k}pk and m2m^{2}m2 are coprime and σ\sigmaσ is multiplicative, the displayed equation says exactly that N=pkm2N = p^{k}m^{2}N=pkm2 satisfies σ(N)=2N\sigma(N) = 2Nσ(N)=2N, i.e. that NNN is an odd perfect number written in Euler's form with special (Euler) prime ppp and special exponent kkk. Together with the case k=5k = 5k=5, this covers every special exponent k≡1(mod4)k \equiv 1 \pmod 4k≡1(mod4) with k≥5k \ge 5k≥5, that is, the whole complement of the case k=1k = 1k=1 predicted by the Descartes-Frenicle-Sorli conjecture.

Formalization Note Perfection is expressed directly through the divisor-sum equation σ(pk)σ(m2)=2pkm2\sigma(p^{k})\sigma(m^{2}) = 2p^{k}m^{2}σ(pk)σ(m2)=2pkm2 rather than through Nat.Perfect; the two are equivalent here because pkp^{k}pk and m2m^{2}m2 are coprime and N=pkm2>0N = p^{k}m^{2} > 0N=pkm2>0 is odd. The congruences are written as p % 4 = 1 and k % 4 = 1, and the sum-of-divisors function as an explicit sum over Nat.divisors.

Preamble
import Mathlib
Formal statement
namespace OddPerfectNumber

theorem no_euler_equation_special_exponent_ge_nine (p k m : ℕ) (hp : p.Prime) (hp4 : p % 4 = 1)
    (hk4 : k % 4 = 1) (hk9 : 9 ≤ k) (hm : Odd m) (hpm : ¬ p ∣ m) :
    (∑ d ∈ (p ^ k).divisors, d) * (∑ d ∈ (m ^ 2).divisors, d) ≠ 2 * (p ^ k * m ^ 2) := by
  sorry

end OddPerfectNumber
Source
Subcase k >= 9 of the special-exponent case of the Odd Perfect Number Conjecture, via Euler's structure theorem for odd perfect numbers (L. Euler, De numeris amicabilibus, Opera postuma 1 (1849), 88-101): N = q^alpha p_1^{2e_1} ... p_k^{2e_k} with q prime and q = alpha = 1 mod 4, as recorded in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_number, section 'Odd perfect numbers'. The exponent alpha = 1 case is the Descartes-Frenicle-Sorli conjecture; see J. A. B. Dris, 'The abundancy index of divisors of odd perfect numbers', Journal of Integer Sequences 15 (2012), Article 12.4.4, Conjecture 1.

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