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ζ\zetaζ has no zeros in the low-lying rectangle 0<Re⁡s<10<\operatorname{Re} s<10<Res<1, ∣Im⁡s∣≤2|\operatorname{Im} s|\le 2∣Ims∣≤2

Proved
zeta_ne_zero_of_mem_strip_of_abs_im_le_two

by Gabewhigham · Sep 6, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

analytic-number-theorycomplex-analysisnumber-theoryzeta-functions

Let ζ\zetaζ denote the Riemann zeta function. The assertion is an unconditional, completely explicit zero-free region for the low-lying part of the critical strip:

0<Re⁡s<1  and  ∣Im⁡s∣≤2 ⟹ ζ(s)≠0.0<\operatorname{Re} s<1 \ \text{ and } \ |\operatorname{Im} s|\le 2 \ \Longrightarrow\ \zeta(s)\neq 0.0<Res<1  and  ∣Ims∣≤2 ⟹ ζ(s)=0.

In particular ζ\zetaζ does not vanish anywhere on the real segment (0,1)(0,1)(0,1), nor at any point of the critical line of height at most 222; the first nontrivial zero occurs at height ≈14.13\approx 14.13≈14.13, so the statement is a (modest) truncation of the region where zeros must be searched for.

The statement is provable from the standard theory of the completed zeta function. Write Λ(s)=π−s/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s)\Lambda(s)=\pi^{-s/2}\Gamma(s/2)\zeta(s)Λ(s)=π−s/2Γ(s/2)ζ(s) for the completed zeta function and Λ0(s)=Λ(s)+1s+11−s\Lambda_0(s)=\Lambda(s)+\frac1s+\frac{1}{1-s}Λ0​(s)=Λ(s)+s1​+1−s1​ for its entire part, which is the Mellin transform of the modified Jacobi theta kernel. Because the theta kernel decays like e−πte^{-\pi t}e−πt, one obtains a completely explicit bound of the form ∥Λ0(s)∥≤18\|\Lambda_0(s)\|\le \tfrac18∥Λ0​(s)∥≤81​ valid throughout the strip 0<Re⁡s<10<\operatorname{Re} s<10<Res<1, whereas the pole terms satisfy

∥1s+11−s∥=1∥s∥ ∥1−s∥ ≥ 15\left\|\frac1s+\frac{1}{1-s}\right\| = \frac{1}{\|s\|\,\|1-s\|}\ \ge\ \frac15​s1​+1−s1​​=∥s∥∥1−s∥1​ ≥ 51​

in the rectangle. Hence Λ(s)=Λ0(s)−1s−11−s\Lambda(s)=\Lambda_0(s)-\frac1s-\frac{1}{1-s}Λ(s)=Λ0​(s)−s1​−1−s1​ cannot vanish there, and since π−s/2Γ(s/2)≠0\pi^{-s/2}\Gamma(s/2)\neq 0π−s/2Γ(s/2)=0 for Re⁡s>0\operatorname{Re} s>0Res>0, neither can ζ(s)\zeta(s)ζ(s).

Formalization note. riemannZeta is Mathlib's zeta function; |s.im| is the absolute value of the imaginary part of sss.

Preamble
import Mathlib.NumberTheory.LSeries.RiemannZeta
import Mathlib.NumberTheory.LSeries.Nonvanishing

open Complex
Formal statement
theorem zeta_ne_zero_of_mem_strip_of_abs_im_le_two (s : ℂ) (h0 : 0 < s.re) (h1 : s.re < 1)
    (him : |s.im| ≤ 2) : riemannZeta s ≠ 0 := by sorry
Source
Standard theory of the completed Riemann zeta function; the quantitative form given here (bounding the entire part of the completed zeta function against its pole terms) is elementary. See e.g. Titchmarsh, The Theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function, 2nd ed., Ch. II.

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