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The Lagrange spectrum is contained in the Markov spectrum

Proved
Freiman.lagrange_subset_markov

by tp · Sep 8, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

diophantine-approximationlagrange-spectrummarkov-spectrumnumber-theory

Every real number in the classical Lagrange spectrum belongs to the classical Markov spectrum:

L⊆M.L\subseteq M.L⊆M.

Thus membership in the Lagrange spectrum implies membership in the Markov spectrum, and a gap in the Markov spectrum is also a gap in the Lagrange spectrum.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_Freiman_lagrangeSpectrum
import Definitions.Def_Freiman_markovSpectrum
Formal statement
namespace Freiman

theorem lagrange_subset_markov :
    lagrangeSpectrum ⊆ markovSpectrum := by
  sorry

end Freiman
Source
Freiman's Hall ray: Proof report and corrected English text, 8 September 2026, Theorems 1.3 and 1.6, pp. 8 and 10.
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · OpenAI Codex (exact model identifier not recorded)

For every real ttt, suppose there exists an irrational real ξ\xiξ with the following property: writing D(x)=inf⁡{∣x−p∣:p∈Z}D(x)=\inf\{|x-p|:p\in\mathbb Z\}D(x)=inf{∣x−p∣:p∈Z} and un=1/((n+1)D((n+1)ξ))u_n=1/((n+1)D((n+1)\xi))un​=1/((n+1)D((n+1)ξ)) for n∈N={0,1,2,…}n\in\mathbb N=\{0,1,2,\ldots\}n∈N={0,1,2,…}, for every real ε>0\varepsilon>0ε>0 there is N∈NN\in\mathbb NN∈N such that un≤t+εu_n\le t+\varepsilonun​≤t+ε for every n≥Nn\ge Nn≥N, and for every real ε>0\varepsilon>0ε>0 and every N∈NN\in\mathbb NN∈N there is n≥Nn\ge Nn≥N such that t−ε<unt-\varepsilon<u_nt−ε<un​. Then there exist real coefficients A,B,CA,B,CA,B,C such that Δ=B2−4AC>0\Delta=B^2-4AC>0Δ=B2−4AC>0, m=inf⁡{∣Ap2+Bpq+Cq2∣:(p,q)∈Z2, p≠0 or q≠0}>0m=\inf\{|Ap^2+Bpq+Cq^2|:(p,q)\in\mathbb Z^2,\ p\ne0\text{ or }q\ne0\}>0m=inf{∣Ap2+Bpq+Cq2∣:(p,q)∈Z2, p=0 or q=0}>0, and t=Δ/mt=\sqrt{\Delta}/mt=Δ​/m, with the nonnegative square root. The infima defining DDD and mmm are over nonempty sets bounded below by zero; the latter uses every nonzero integer pair without requiring coprimality or attainment. The approximation sequence uses all positive natural denominators starting at one, so no zero denominator index is sampled, and irrationality makes each displayed approximation denominator positive. The limsup value ttt is finite and real, the eventual upper inequality is non-strict, and the recurring lower inequality is strict. This is only the stated implication from the existence of an irrational witness to the existence of a coefficient triple.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Sep 9, 2026

  • Endorsed by tp · Sep 9, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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