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Loops in Rm∖{0}\mathbb R^m\setminus\{0\}Rm∖{0}, m≥3m\ge3m≥3, are null-homotopic rel base point

Proved
CauchyRiemannIndex.nonzeroLoop_homotopic_const_of_three_le_card

by Mazecto · Oct 16, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

algebraic-topologyfundamental-grouphomotopy

Let ι\iotaι be a finite set with at least three elements and let x0∈Rιx_0\in\mathbb R^\iotax0​∈Rι. If v:[0,1]→Rι∖{0}v:[0,1]\to\mathbb R^\iota\setminus\{0\}v:[0,1]→Rι∖{0} is continuous with v(0)=v(1)=x0v(0)=v(1)=x_0v(0)=v(1)=x0​, then there is a continuous map H:[0,1]×[0,1]→Rι∖{0}H:[0,1]\times[0,1]\to\mathbb R^\iota\setminus\{0\}H:[0,1]×[0,1]→Rι∖{0} with

H(0,t)=v(t),H(1,t)=x0,H(s,0)=H(s,1)=x0.H(0,t)=v(t),\qquad H(1,t)=x_0,\qquad H(s,0)=H(s,1)=x_0 .H(0,t)=v(t),H(1,t)=x0​,H(s,0)=H(s,1)=x0​.

That is, Rm∖{0}\mathbb R^m\setminus\{0\}Rm∖{0} is simply connected for m≥3m\ge3m≥3, stated in the concrete form of a based null-homotopy of an arbitrary based loop. It is used for loops of vectors t↦φ(t)v0t\mapsto\varphi(t)v_0t↦φ(t)v0​ obtained from loops φ\varphiφ of matrices.

Formalization Note. Rι\mathbb R^\iotaRι is the function space ι → ℝ with its product topology, for [Fintype ι] with 3 ≤ Fintype.card ι; the loop and the homotopy are C(unitInterval, ι → ℝ) and C(unitInterval × unitInterval, ι → ℝ), and the condition H≠0H\neq0H=0 is required at every point.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_CauchyRiemannIndex_Setting
Formal statement
namespace CauchyRiemannIndex

open Matrix

/-- If `ι` has at least three elements, every loop in `ℝ^ι ∖ {0}` based at `x₀` is homotopic to
the constant loop through loops in `ℝ^ι ∖ {0}` based at `x₀`. -/
theorem nonzeroLoop_homotopic_const_of_three_le_card {ι : Type*} [Fintype ι]
    (hι : 3 ≤ Fintype.card ι) (x₀ : ι → ℝ) (v : C(unitInterval, ι → ℝ)) (hv : ∀ t, v t ≠ 0)
    (h0 : v 0 = x₀) (h1 : v 1 = x₀) :
    ∃ H : C(unitInterval × unitInterval, ι → ℝ), (∀ t, H (0, t) = v t) ∧
      (∀ t, H (1, t) = x₀) ∧ (∀ p, H p ≠ 0) ∧ (∀ s, H (s, 0) = x₀) ∧ ∀ s, H (s, 1) = x₀ := by sorry

end CauchyRiemannIndex
Source
C. Wendl, Lectures on Symplectic Field Theory, arXiv:1612.01009, https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.01009, Lecture 3, §3.4, p. 62 (auxiliary fact for Theorem 3.34: the fundamental group of Sp(2n)\mathrm{Sp}(2n)Sp(2n))

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