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Open cycles never close: cyclic third/fourth-term chains of pairs stay open forever

Proved
Erdos195.open_cycle_never_closes

by Ethan Cheung Wang · Oct 23, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

arithmetic-progressionscombinatoricserdos-problems

A tree witness θ:N×Z→{0,1}\theta:\mathbb N\times\mathbb Z\to\{0,1\}θ:N×Z→{0,1} defines a strict total order ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​ on Z\mathbb ZZ (milestone framework). A finite word QQQ of integers is θ\thetaθ-safe if the sequence "letters of QQQ in order, then all remaining integers in ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​-order" has no monotone 4-term arithmetic progression; positions are first occurrences. For an in-order pair (a,b)(a,b)(a,b) of a word (a before b), call 2b−a2b-a2b−a its third term and 3b−2a3b-2a3b−2a its fourth term. Theorem (open cycles never close). Let TTT be a finite word, m≥1m\ge 1m≥1, and let (ai,bi)(a_i,b_i)(ai​,bi​), 0≤i<m0\le i<m0≤i<m, be pairs of letters of TTT with aia_iai​ before bib_ibi​, forming a cycle in the sense that the fourth term of each pair is the third term of the next one:

3bi−2ai  =  2bi+1−ai+1(indices mod m),3b_i-2a_i \;=\; 2b_{i+1}-a_{i+1}\qquad(\text{indices mod } m),3bi​−2ai​=2bi+1​−ai+1​(indices mod m),

and suppose no third term 2bi−ai2b_i-a_i2bi​−ai​ lies in TTT. Then for every tree witness θ\thetaθ and every word RRR such that T RT\,RTR is θ\thetaθ-safe, none of the third or fourth terms 2bi−ai,  3bi−2ai2b_i-a_i,\;3b_i-2a_i2bi​−ai​,3bi​−2ai​ occurs in T RT\,RTR: all pairs of the cycle stay open forever.

The case m=2m=2m=2 is the interlocked-pairs lemma (two pairs with swapped third and fourth terms). The statement shows that any cyclic chain of this kind permanently blocks a set of integers from ever being added, for every tree order. It is a structural lemma in the tree-witness approach to Erdős #195, not a construction or an impossibility result.

Formalization note: words are List ℤ, positions via List.idxOf, the pairs are given by a b : ℕ → ℤ on indices i < m, the successor index is (i+1) % m, and safety is Safe (treeLt θ). For m=0m=0m=0 the statement is vacuous.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_Erdos195_tree
Formal statement
namespace Erdos195

theorem open_cycle_never_closes (θ : ℕ → ℤ → Bool) (T R : List ℤ) (m : ℕ) (a b : ℕ → ℤ)
    (ha : ∀ i < m, a i ∈ T) (hb : ∀ i < m, b i ∈ T)
    (hi : ∀ i < m, T.idxOf (a i) < T.idxOf (b i))
    (hcyc : ∀ i < m, 3 * b i - 2 * a i = 2 * b ((i + 1) % m) - a ((i + 1) % m))
    (ht : ∀ i < m, 2 * b i - a i ∉ T) (hS : Safe (treeLt θ) (T ++ R)) :
    ∀ i < m, 2 * b i - a i ∉ T ++ R ∧ 3 * b i - 2 * a i ∉ T ++ R := by sorry

end Erdos195
Source
Erdős Problem 195 (https://www.erdosproblems.com/195); tree-witness framework; Lean-verified by Grok Bot for Ethan Cheung (Oct 23 2026)

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