For real variables p , s , a , b , c p,s,a,b,c p , s , a , b , c , set
K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K . K=a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca),\qquad S=p^2+s^2,\qquad C=S+K. K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( ab + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K .
The shear components and wall rates are
P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a b − 2 b c + a c , P=Kp-2a^2+b^2+c^2+ab-2bc+ac, P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab − 2 b c + a c ,
Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + a b − a c ) , Q=Ks+\sqrt{3}(-b^2+c^2+ab-ac), Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + ab − a c ) ,
r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s . r_1=-S+2p,\qquad r_2=-S-p+\sqrt{3}s,\qquad r_3=-S-p-\sqrt{3}s. r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s .
These functions define the normalized vacuum Bianchi IX vector field
( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) (P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 y=(m,u,v,w)\in\mathbb R^4 y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 , define
K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( u v + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) , K(u,v,w)=u^2+v^2+w^2-2(uv+vw+wu),\qquad \kappa=u(v+w-u), K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( uv + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) ,
F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − m κ , F u = 1 2 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u , F_m=-v^2+w^2+u(v-w)-m\kappa,\qquad
F_u=\tfrac12(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)u, F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − mκ , F u = 2 1 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u ,
F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) , F_v=(m-1-\kappa)v,\qquad F_w=(-m-1-\kappa)w,\qquad
F=(F_m,F_u,F_v,F_w), F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) ,
and E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 E(m,v)=(m-1)^2+v^2 E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
For x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) x=(p,s,a,b,c) x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) , put
ψ ( p , z ) = 3 z 1 + p , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c ) ) . \psi(p,z)=\frac{\sqrt3\,z}{1+p},\qquad
\Pi(x)=(\psi(p,s),\psi(p,a),\psi(p,b),\psi(p,c)). ψ ( p , z ) = 1 + p 3 z , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c )) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , set D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(y)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) and
Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , A m 3 , A u 3 , A v 3 , A w 3 ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6 / D ( y ) ( y ) . \Xi_A(y)=\left(A-1,\frac{Am}{\sqrt3},\frac{Au}{\sqrt3},
\frac{Av}{\sqrt3},\frac{Aw}{\sqrt3}\right),\qquad
\Xi(y)=\Xi_{6/D(y)}(y). Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , 3 A m , 3 A u , 3 A v , 3 A w ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6/ D ( y ) ( y ) .
Write N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) N(x)=(P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) for the normalized vector field
and C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) \mathcal C(x)=C(p,s,a,b,c) C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) for its constraint.
The normalized and projective state spaces are R 5 \mathbb R^5 R 5 and R 4 \mathbb R^4 R 4
with their finite-product norms. The maps Π , Ξ , D , F \Pi,\Xi,D,F Π , Ξ , D , F act on these state spaces.
The projective vector field in normalized time is
G ( y ) = 6 D ( y ) F ( y ) . G(y)=\frac6{D(y)}F(y). G ( y ) = D ( y ) 6 F ( y ) .
Write X = R 5 X=\mathbb R^5 X = R 5 , Y = R 4 Y=\mathbb R^4 Y = R 4 , and let α x , t 0 \alpha_{x,t_0} α x , t 0 be the
maximal solution of α ′ = N ( α ) \alpha'=N(\alpha) α ′ = N ( α ) with initial value x x x at t 0 t_0 t 0
and domain I max ( x , t 0 ) I_{\max}(x,t_0) I m a x ( x , t 0 ) . Put
J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) , J_{x,t_0}(t)=d_x\alpha_{x,t_0}(t),\qquad
\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)=\Pi(\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)), J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t )) ,
J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y . \mathcal J_{y,t_0}(t)=d\Pi_{\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)}
\circ J_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)\circ d\Xi_y. J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y .
For Y = ( k , u , w ) ∈ R 3 Y=(k,u,w)\in\mathbb R^3 Y = ( k , u , w ) ∈ R 3 , define
e − ( Y ) = ( 1 − k 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) , x Y = Ξ ( e − ( Y ) ) , β Y ( t ) = Ψ 0 ( e − ( Y ) , t ) , g ( x ) = ( Π ( x ) ) v . e_-(Y)=(1-\sqrt{k^2-1},u,1,w),\quad x_Y=\Xi(e_-(Y)),\quad
\beta_Y(t)=\Psi_0(e_-(Y),t),\quad g(x)=(\Pi(x))_v. e − ( Y ) = ( 1 − k 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) , x Y = Ξ ( e − ( Y )) , β Y ( t ) = Ψ 0 ( e − ( Y ) , t ) , g ( x ) = ( Π ( x ) ) v .
For any real height η \eta η , put
H η , Y = { t > 0 : t ∈ I max ( x Y , 0 ) , g ( α x Y , 0 ( t ) ) = η } , H_{\eta,Y}=\{t>0:t\in I_{\max}(x_Y,0),\ g(\alpha_{x_Y,0}(t))=\eta\}, H η , Y = { t > 0 : t ∈ I m a x ( x Y , 0 ) , g ( α x Y , 0 ( t )) = η } ,
T η ( Y ) = inf H η , Y , P η ( Y ) = β Y ( T η ( Y ) ) . T_\eta(Y)=\inf H_{\eta,Y},\qquad P_\eta(Y)=\beta_Y(T_\eta(Y)). T η ( Y ) = inf H η , Y , P η ( Y ) = β Y ( T η ( Y )) .
The infimum uses the total real-order convention. Let
TailValid η ( Y ) \operatorname{TailValid}_\eta(Y) TailValid η ( Y ) mean that T η ( Y ) T_\eta(Y) T η ( Y ) is the least
element of H η , Y H_{\eta,Y} H η , Y , and, writing T = T η ( Y ) T=T_\eta(Y) T = T η ( Y ) , that
t ∈ I max ( x Y , 0 ) , 1 + ( α x Y , 0 ( t ) ) 0 > 0 ( 0 ≤ t ≤ T ) , t\in I_{\max}(x_Y,0),\quad 1+(\alpha_{x_Y,0}(t))_0>0
\quad(0\leq t\leq T), t ∈ I m a x ( x Y , 0 ) , 1 + ( α x Y , 0 ( t ) ) 0 > 0 ( 0 ≤ t ≤ T ) ,
g ( α x Y , 0 ( t ) ) > η ( 0 ≤ t < T ) , g(\alpha_{x_Y,0}(t))>\eta\quad(0\leq t<T), g ( α x Y , 0 ( t )) > η ( 0 ≤ t < T ) ,
d g α x Y , 0 ( t ) N ( α x Y , 0 ( t ) ) < 0 , ∣ ( Π ( α x Y , 0 ( t ) ) ) w ∣ < 1 / 2 ( 0 ≤ t ≤ T ) . dg_{\alpha_{x_Y,0}(t)}N(\alpha_{x_Y,0}(t))<0,\quad
|(\Pi(\alpha_{x_Y,0}(t)))_w|<1/2\quad(0\leq t\leq T). d g α x Y , 0 ( t ) N ( α x Y , 0 ( t )) < 0 , ∣ ( Π ( α x Y , 0 ( t )) ) w ∣ < 1/2 ( 0 ≤ t ≤ T ) .
All vector and operator norms use the finite-product supremum norms.
For y ∈ R 4 y\in\mathbb R^4 y ∈ R 4 , put x y = Ξ ( y ) x_y=\Xi(y) x y = Ξ ( y ) ,
T + ( y ) = inf { t > 0 : t ∈ I max ( x y , 0 ) , ( Ψ 0 ( y , t ) ) v = 1 } , P + ( y ) = Ψ 0 ( y , T + ( y ) ) . T_+(y)=\inf\{t>0:t\in I_{\max}(x_y,0),\ (\Psi_0(y,t))_v=1\},
\qquad P_+(y)=\Psi_0(y,T_+(y)). T + ( y ) = inf { t > 0 : t ∈ I m a x ( x y , 0 ) , ( Ψ 0 ( y , t ) ) v = 1 } , P + ( y ) = Ψ 0 ( y , T + ( y )) .
Let V + ( y ) V_+(y) V + ( y ) mean that this infimum is a least element, the full interval
[ 0 , T + ( y ) ] [0,T_+(y)] [ 0 , T + ( y )] lies in the maximal domain with
1 + ( α x y , 0 ( t ) ) 0 > 0 1+(\alpha_{x_y,0}(t))_0>0 1 + ( α x y , 0 ( t ) ) 0 > 0 , the active wall
is below one before the endpoint, and its normalized-time derivative is
strictly positive throughout the interval. The infimum has its total
real-order meaning.
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) define the cyclic chart by
H ( y ) = ( m + 1 ) 2 + K ( u , v , w ) , A ( y ) = ( 1 − 4 ( m + 1 ) / H , 4 v / H , 4 w / H , 4 u / H ) . H(y)=(m+1)^2+K(u,v,w),\qquad
\mathcal A(y)=(1-4(m+1)/H,4v/H,4w/H,4u/H). H ( y ) = ( m + 1 ) 2 + K ( u , v , w ) , A ( y ) = ( 1 − 4 ( m + 1 ) / H , 4 v / H , 4 w / H , 4 u / H ) .
Its normalized symmetry is
A ( p , s , a , b , c ) = ( ( − p + 3 s ) / 2 , ( − 3 p − s ) / 2 , b , c , a ) . A(p,s,a,b,c)=((-p+\sqrt3s)/2,(-\sqrt3p-s)/2,b,c,a). A ( p , s , a , b , c ) = (( − p + 3 s ) /2 , ( − 3 p − s ) /2 , b , c , a ) .
Put z h ( Y ) = A ( P h ( Y ) ) z_h(Y)=\mathcal A(P_h(Y)) z h ( Y ) = A ( P h ( Y )) and
T ( h , Y ) = T h ( Y ) + T + ( z h ( Y ) ) , P ( h , Y ) = P + ( z h ( Y ) ) , x Y c = A Ξ ( e − ( Y ) ) . \mathcal T(h,Y)=T_h(Y)+T_+(z_h(Y)),\qquad
\mathcal P(h,Y)=P_+(z_h(Y)),\qquad x_Y^c=A\Xi(e_-(Y)). T ( h , Y ) = T h ( Y ) + T + ( z h ( Y )) , P ( h , Y ) = P + ( z h ( Y )) , x Y c = A Ξ ( e − ( Y )) .
Write r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 r(m,v)=\sqrt{(m-1)^2+v^2} r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 and g ∗ ( x ) = ( Π ( x ) ) v g_*(x)=(\Pi(x))_v g ∗ ( x ) = ( Π ( x ) ) v .
On the invariant plane with zero active wall, use y = ( m , u , w ) ∈ R 3 y=(m,u,w)\in\mathbb R^3 y = ( m , u , w ) ∈ R 3 ,
the inclusion ι ( m , u , w ) = ( m , u , 0 , w ) \iota(m,u,w)=(m,u,0,w) ι ( m , u , w ) = ( m , u , 0 , w ) and the restriction
π s ( m , u , v , w ) = ( m , u , w ) \pi_s(m,u,v,w)=(m,u,w) π s ( m , u , v , w ) = ( m , u , w ) . Define
f ( y ) = ( m u 2 − ( m + 1 ) u w + w 2 , 1 − m 2 − w 2 + u 2 2 u , − ( m + 1 + u w − u 2 ) w ) , f(y)=\left(mu^2-(m+1)uw+w^2,
\frac{1-m^2-w^2+u^2}{2}u,-(m+1+uw-u^2)w\right), f ( y ) = ( m u 2 − ( m + 1 ) u w + w 2 , 2 1 − m 2 − w 2 + u 2 u , − ( m + 1 + u w − u 2 ) w ) ,
Δ ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + ( u − w ) 2 , f o ( y ) = 6 f ( y ) / Δ ( y ) . \Delta(y)=3+m^2+(u-w)^2,\qquad f_o(y)=6f(y)/\Delta(y). Δ ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + ( u − w ) 2 , f o ( y ) = 6 f ( y ) /Δ ( y ) .
Write J = d f J=df J = df , H = d 2 f H=d^2f H = d 2 f , J o = d f o J_o=df_o J o = d f o , H o = d 2 f o H_o=d^2f_o H o = d 2 f o for their explicit
Jacobian and Hessian expressions. The denominator derivatives are
d Δ = ( 2 m , 2 ( u − w ) , 2 ( w − u ) ) d\Delta=(2m,2(u-w),2(w-u)) d Δ = ( 2 m , 2 ( u − w ) , 2 ( w − u )) and
d 2 Δ ( v , z ) = 2 v 0 z 0 + 2 ( v 1 − v 2 ) ( z 1 − z 2 ) d^2\Delta(v,z)=2v_0z_0+2(v_1-v_2)(z_1-z_2) d 2 Δ ( v , z ) = 2 v 0 z 0 + 2 ( v 1 − v 2 ) ( z 1 − z 2 ) .
The exact original-time boundary flow and its projected variation are
Φ ( y , t ) = π s Ψ 0 ( ι y , t ) , L ( y , t ) = π s J ι y , 0 ( t ) ι . \Phi(y,t)=\pi_s\Psi_0(\iota y,t),\qquad
L(y,t)=\pi_s\mathcal J_{\iota y,0}(t)\iota. Φ ( y , t ) = π s Ψ 0 ( ιy , t ) , L ( y , t ) = π s J ιy , 0 ( t ) ι .
For a fixed scale K K K , set Φ K ( y , s ) = Φ ( y , K s ) \Phi_K(y,s)=\Phi(y,Ks) Φ K ( y , s ) = Φ ( y , K s ) ,
L K ( y , s ) = L ( y , K s ) L_K(y,s)=L(y,Ks) L K ( y , s ) = L ( y , K s ) and Q K ( y , s ) = d y L K ( y , s ) Q_K(y,s)=d_yL_K(y,s) Q K ( y , s ) = d y L K ( y , s ) .
For directions v , z v,z v , z , define
S K ( y , s ; v , z ) = K [ H o ( Φ K ) ( L K v , L K z ) + J o ( Φ K ) Q K ( v , z ) ] . S_K(y,s;v,z)=K\left[H_o(\Phi_K)(L_Kv,L_Kz)+J_o(\Phi_K)Q_K(v,z)\right]. S K ( y , s ; v , z ) = K [ H o ( Φ K ) ( L K v , L K z ) + J o ( Φ K ) Q K ( v , z ) ] .
All vector norms are sup norms, and operator norms are induced by them.
Write b ( y ) = ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ b(y)=|u|+|w| b ( y ) = ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ , E ( y ) = e 512 b ( y ) E(y)=e^{512b(y)} E ( y ) = e 512 b ( y ) , v s = ( v 1 , v 2 ) v_s=(v_1,v_2) v s = ( v 1 , v 2 ) , and
H ( y ; v , z ) = b ( y ) ∥ v ∥ ∥ z ∥ + ∥ v s ∥ ∥ z ∥ + ∥ v ∥ ∥ z s ∥ , \mathcal H(y;v,z)=b(y)\|v\|\|z\|+\|v_s\|\|z\|+\|v\|\|z_s\|, H ( y ; v , z ) = b ( y ) ∥ v ∥∥ z ∥ + ∥ v s ∥∥ z ∥ + ∥ v ∥∥ z s ∥ ,
B 2 ( y ) = 192 b ( y ) ( 40000 E ( y ) 3 ) + 10000 E ( y ) 2 . B_2(y)=192b(y)(40000E(y)^3)+10000E(y)^2. B 2 ( y ) = 192 b ( y ) ( 40000 E ( y ) 3 ) + 10000 E ( y ) 2 .
The closed boundary region is
S c = { ( m , u , 0 , w ) : ∣ m − c ∣ ≤ 1 / 10 , ∣ u ∣ , ∣ w ∣ ≤ 1 / 100 } \mathcal S_c=\{(m,u,0,w):|m-c|\leq1/10,\ |u|,|w|\leq1/100\} S c = {( m , u , 0 , w ) : ∣ m − c ∣ ≤ 1/10 , ∣ u ∣ , ∣ w ∣ ≤ 1/100 } .
The boundary projection P ( m , u , w ) P(m,u,w) P ( m , u , w ) is the limit of Φ ( m , u , w ; t ) 0 \Phi(m,u,w;t)_0 Φ ( m , u , w ; t ) 0
as t → ∞ t\to\infty t → ∞ , using the total limit convention of the formal definitions.
Set p ( y ) = P ( y 0 , y 1 , y 3 ) p(y)=P(y_0,y_1,y_3) p ( y ) = P ( y 0 , y 1 , y 3 ) , ρ ( y ) = ( p ( y ) − 1 ) 2 + y 2 2 \rho(y)=\sqrt{(p(y)-1)^2+y_2^2} ρ ( y ) = ( p ( y ) − 1 ) 2 + y 2 2 ,
and χ ( y ) = ( ρ ( y ) , y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) \chi(y)=(\rho(y),y_1,y_2,y_3) χ ( y ) = ( ρ ( y ) , y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) .
An admissible inverse ψ \psi ψ at y y y is C 2 C^2 C 2 at χ ( y ) \chi(y) χ ( y ) ,
maps χ ( y ) \chi(y) χ ( y ) to y y y , and is a two-sided local inverse of χ \chi χ ;
its derivative is the inverse of the triangular derivative of χ \chi χ .
In the following notation put y h = A ∘ P h y_h=\mathcal A\circ P_h y h = A ∘ P h and
z h = χ ∘ y h z_h=\chi\circ y_h z h = χ ∘ y h . Define
F h ( Y ) = r ( P ( h , Y ) 0 , P ( h , Y ) 2 ) , D h = F h − ( z h ) 0 , Q h = 2 / F h − 2 / ( z h ) 0 . F_h(Y)=r(\mathcal P(h,Y)_0,\mathcal P(h,Y)_2),\quad
D_h=F_h-(z_h)_0,\quad Q_h=2/F_h-2/(z_h)_0. F h ( Y ) = r ( P ( h , Y ) 0 , P ( h , Y ) 2 ) , D h = F h − ( z h ) 0 , Q h = 2/ F h − 2/ ( z h ) 0 .
For I ( m , u ) = ( 1 + m 2 + u 2 ) / m I(m,u)=(1+m^2+u^2)/m I ( m , u ) = ( 1 + m 2 + u 2 ) / m let
λ + ( I ) = ( I + I 2 − 4 ) / 2 , s ( m , u ) = 2 / ( λ + ( I ( m , u ) ) − 1 ) . \lambda_+(I)=(I+\sqrt{I^2-4})/2,\qquad
s(m,u)=2/(\lambda_+(I(m,u))-1). λ + ( I ) = ( I + I 2 − 4 ) /2 , s ( m , u ) = 2/ ( λ + ( I ( m , u )) − 1 ) .
Set S h = s ( ( y h ) 0 , ( y h ) 1 ) S_h=s((y_h)_0,(y_h)_1) S h = s (( y h ) 0 , ( y h ) 1 ) ,
Q h s = 2 / ( z h ) 0 − S h Q_h^s=2/(z_h)_0-S_h Q h s = 2/ ( z h ) 0 − S h , E h = 2 / F h − S h E_h=2/F_h-S_h E h = 2/ F h − S h , and B h = 2 / F h B_h=2/F_h B h = 2/ F h .
The positive wall multipliers m 0 , m 1 m_0,m_1 m 0 , m 1 are defined by integrating the
two multiplicative wall rates along the exact exit flow, so that
( P h ) 1 = u m 0 (P_h)_1=u m_0 ( P h ) 1 = u m 0 and ( P h ) 3 = w m 1 (P_h)_3=w m_1 ( P h ) 3 = w m 1 . Write
B i h = 4 m i / H ( P h ) B_i^h=4m_i/H(P_h) B i h = 4 m i / H ( P h ) for i = 0 , 1 i=0,1 i = 0 , 1 .
For Y = ( 2 + 2 α , u , w ) Y=(2+2\alpha,u,w) Y = ( 2 + 2 α , u , w ) let h = η α J h=\eta\alpha^J h = η α J .
All derivatives of maps with subscript h h h hold this height fixed.
A cone direction is d = ( 1 , d 1 , d 2 ) d=(1,d_1,d_2) d = ( 1 , d 1 , d 2 ) with
∣ d 1 ∣ ≤ u |d_1|\leq\sqrt u ∣ d 1 ∣ ≤ u , ∣ d 2 ∣ ≤ w |d_2|\leq\sqrt w ∣ d 2 ∣ ≤ w .
For real variables p , s , a , b , c p,s,a,b,c p , s , a , b , c , set
K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K . K=a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca),\qquad S=p^2+s^2,\qquad C=S+K. K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( ab + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K .
The shear components and wall rates are
P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a b − 2 b c + a c , P=Kp-2a^2+b^2+c^2+ab-2bc+ac, P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab − 2 b c + a c ,
Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + a b − a c ) , Q=Ks+\sqrt{3}(-b^2+c^2+ab-ac), Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + ab − a c ) ,
r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s . r_1=-S+2p,\qquad r_2=-S-p+\sqrt{3}s,\qquad r_3=-S-p-\sqrt{3}s. r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s .
These functions define the normalized vacuum Bianchi IX vector field
( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) (P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 y=(m,u,v,w)\in\mathbb R^4 y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 , define
K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( u v + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) , K(u,v,w)=u^2+v^2+w^2-2(uv+vw+wu),\qquad \kappa=u(v+w-u), K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( uv + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) ,
F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − m κ , F u = 1 2 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u , F_m=-v^2+w^2+u(v-w)-m\kappa,\qquad
F_u=\tfrac12(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)u, F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − mκ , F u = 2 1 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u ,
F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) , F_v=(m-1-\kappa)v,\qquad F_w=(-m-1-\kappa)w,\qquad
F=(F_m,F_u,F_v,F_w), F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) ,
and E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 E(m,v)=(m-1)^2+v^2 E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
For x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) x=(p,s,a,b,c) x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) , put
ψ ( p , z ) = 3 z 1 + p , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c ) ) . \psi(p,z)=\frac{\sqrt3\,z}{1+p},\qquad
\Pi(x)=(\psi(p,s),\psi(p,a),\psi(p,b),\psi(p,c)). ψ ( p , z ) = 1 + p 3 z , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c )) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , set D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(y)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) and
Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , A m 3 , A u 3 , A v 3 , A w 3 ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6 / D ( y ) ( y ) . \Xi_A(y)=\left(A-1,\frac{Am}{\sqrt3},\frac{Au}{\sqrt3},
\frac{Av}{\sqrt3},\frac{Aw}{\sqrt3}\right),\qquad
\Xi(y)=\Xi_{6/D(y)}(y). Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , 3 A m , 3 A u , 3 A v , 3 A w ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6/ D ( y ) ( y ) .
Write N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) N(x)=(P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) for the normalized vector field
and C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) \mathcal C(x)=C(p,s,a,b,c) C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) for its constraint.
The normalized and projective state spaces are R 5 \mathbb R^5 R 5 and R 4 \mathbb R^4 R 4
with their finite-product norms. The maps Π , Ξ , D , F \Pi,\Xi,D,F Π , Ξ , D , F act on these state spaces.
The projective vector field in normalized time is
G ( y ) = 6 D ( y ) F ( y ) . G(y)=\frac6{D(y)}F(y). G ( y ) = D ( y ) 6 F ( y ) .
Write X = R 5 X=\mathbb R^5 X = R 5 , Y = R 4 Y=\mathbb R^4 Y = R 4 , and let α x , t 0 \alpha_{x,t_0} α x , t 0 be the
maximal solution of α ′ = N ( α ) \alpha'=N(\alpha) α ′ = N ( α ) with initial value x x x at t 0 t_0 t 0
and domain I max ( x , t 0 ) I_{\max}(x,t_0) I m a x ( x , t 0 ) . Put
J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) , J_{x,t_0}(t)=d_x\alpha_{x,t_0}(t),\qquad
\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)=\Pi(\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)), J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t )) ,
J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y . \mathcal J_{y,t_0}(t)=d\Pi_{\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)}
\circ J_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)\circ d\Xi_y. J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y .
On the invariant plane with zero active wall, use y = ( m , u , w ) ∈ R 3 y=(m,u,w)\in\mathbb R^3 y = ( m , u , w ) ∈ R 3 ,
the inclusion ι ( m , u , w ) = ( m , u , 0 , w ) \iota(m,u,w)=(m,u,0,w) ι ( m , u , w ) = ( m , u , 0 , w ) and the restriction
π s ( m , u , v , w ) = ( m , u , w ) \pi_s(m,u,v,w)=(m,u,w) π s ( m , u , v , w ) = ( m , u , w ) . Define
f ( y ) = ( m u 2 − ( m + 1 ) u w + w 2 , 1 − m 2 − w 2 + u 2 2 u , − ( m + 1 + u w − u 2 ) w ) , f(y)=\left(mu^2-(m+1)uw+w^2,
\frac{1-m^2-w^2+u^2}{2}u,-(m+1+uw-u^2)w\right), f ( y ) = ( m u 2 − ( m + 1 ) u w + w 2 , 2 1 − m 2 − w 2 + u 2 u , − ( m + 1 + u w − u 2 ) w ) ,
Δ ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + ( u − w ) 2 , f o ( y ) = 6 f ( y ) / Δ ( y ) . \Delta(y)=3+m^2+(u-w)^2,\qquad f_o(y)=6f(y)/\Delta(y). Δ ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + ( u − w ) 2 , f o ( y ) = 6 f ( y ) /Δ ( y ) .
Write J = d f J=df J = df , H = d 2 f H=d^2f H = d 2 f , J o = d f o J_o=df_o J o = d f o , H o = d 2 f o H_o=d^2f_o H o = d 2 f o for their explicit
Jacobian and Hessian expressions. The denominator derivatives are
d Δ = ( 2 m , 2 ( u − w ) , 2 ( w − u ) ) d\Delta=(2m,2(u-w),2(w-u)) d Δ = ( 2 m , 2 ( u − w ) , 2 ( w − u )) and
d 2 Δ ( v , z ) = 2 v 0 z 0 + 2 ( v 1 − v 2 ) ( z 1 − z 2 ) d^2\Delta(v,z)=2v_0z_0+2(v_1-v_2)(z_1-z_2) d 2 Δ ( v , z ) = 2 v 0 z 0 + 2 ( v 1 − v 2 ) ( z 1 − z 2 ) .
The exact original-time boundary flow and its projected variation are
Φ ( y , t ) = π s Ψ 0 ( ι y , t ) , L ( y , t ) = π s J ι y , 0 ( t ) ι . \Phi(y,t)=\pi_s\Psi_0(\iota y,t),\qquad
L(y,t)=\pi_s\mathcal J_{\iota y,0}(t)\iota. Φ ( y , t ) = π s Ψ 0 ( ιy , t ) , L ( y , t ) = π s J ιy , 0 ( t ) ι .
For a fixed scale K K K , set Φ K ( y , s ) = Φ ( y , K s ) \Phi_K(y,s)=\Phi(y,Ks) Φ K ( y , s ) = Φ ( y , K s ) ,
L K ( y , s ) = L ( y , K s ) L_K(y,s)=L(y,Ks) L K ( y , s ) = L ( y , K s ) and Q K ( y , s ) = d y L K ( y , s ) Q_K(y,s)=d_yL_K(y,s) Q K ( y , s ) = d y L K ( y , s ) .
For directions v , z v,z v , z , define
S K ( y , s ; v , z ) = K [ H o ( Φ K ) ( L K v , L K z ) + J o ( Φ K ) Q K ( v , z ) ] . S_K(y,s;v,z)=K\left[H_o(\Phi_K)(L_Kv,L_Kz)+J_o(\Phi_K)Q_K(v,z)\right]. S K ( y , s ; v , z ) = K [ H o ( Φ K ) ( L K v , L K z ) + J o ( Φ K ) Q K ( v , z ) ] .
All vector norms are sup norms, and operator norms are induced by them.
Write b ( y ) = ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ b(y)=|u|+|w| b ( y ) = ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ , E ( y ) = e 512 b ( y ) E(y)=e^{512b(y)} E ( y ) = e 512 b ( y ) , v s = ( v 1 , v 2 ) v_s=(v_1,v_2) v s = ( v 1 , v 2 ) , and
H ( y ; v , z ) = b ( y ) ∥ v ∥ ∥ z ∥ + ∥ v s ∥ ∥ z ∥ + ∥ v ∥ ∥ z s ∥ , \mathcal H(y;v,z)=b(y)\|v\|\|z\|+\|v_s\|\|z\|+\|v\|\|z_s\|, H ( y ; v , z ) = b ( y ) ∥ v ∥∥ z ∥ + ∥ v s ∥∥ z ∥ + ∥ v ∥∥ z s ∥ ,
B 2 ( y ) = 192 b ( y ) ( 40000 E ( y ) 3 ) + 10000 E ( y ) 2 . B_2(y)=192b(y)(40000E(y)^3)+10000E(y)^2. B 2 ( y ) = 192 b ( y ) ( 40000 E ( y ) 3 ) + 10000 E ( y ) 2 .
The closed boundary region is
S c = { ( m , u , 0 , w ) : ∣ m − c ∣ ≤ 1 / 10 , ∣ u ∣ , ∣ w ∣ ≤ 1 / 100 } \mathcal S_c=\{(m,u,0,w):|m-c|\leq1/10,\ |u|,|w|\leq1/100\} S c = {( m , u , 0 , w ) : ∣ m − c ∣ ≤ 1/10 , ∣ u ∣ , ∣ w ∣ ≤ 1/100 } .
The boundary projection P ( m , u , w ) P(m,u,w) P ( m , u , w ) is the limit of Φ ( m , u , w ; t ) 0 \Phi(m,u,w;t)_0 Φ ( m , u , w ; t ) 0
as t → ∞ t\to\infty t → ∞ , using the total limit convention of the formal definitions.
Write π s ( m , u , v , w ) = ( m , u , w ) \pi_s(m,u,v,w)=(m,u,w) π s ( m , u , v , w ) = ( m , u , w ) ,
R s ( m , u , w ) = P ( m , u , w ) − P ( m , u , 0 ) R_s(m,u,w)=P(m,u,w)-P(m,u,0) R s ( m , u , w ) = P ( m , u , w ) − P ( m , u , 0 ) ,
p ( y ) = P ( π s y ) p(y)=P(\pi_s y) p ( y ) = P ( π s y ) , ρ s ( y ) = P ( y 0 , y 1 , 0 ) − 1 \rho_s(y)=P(y_0,y_1,0)-1 ρ s ( y ) = P ( y 0 , y 1 , 0 ) − 1 ,
ρ ( y ) = ( p ( y ) − 1 ) 2 + y 2 2 \rho(y)=\sqrt{(p(y)-1)^2+y_2^2} ρ ( y ) = ( p ( y ) − 1 ) 2 + y 2 2 and
χ ( y ) = ( ρ ( y ) , y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) \chi(y)=(\rho(y),y_1,y_2,y_3) χ ( y ) = ( ρ ( y ) , y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) .
Put E s = ρ − ρ s E_s=\rho-\rho_s E s = ρ − ρ s and Q s = 2 / ρ − 2 / ρ s Q_s=2/\rho-2/\rho_s Q s = 2/ ρ − 2/ ρ s .
For
0 < η 0 ≤ 1 / 40000 0<\eta_0\leq1/40000 0 < η 0 ≤ 1/40000 , J ≥ 2 J\geq2 J ≥ 2 there are C ≥ 1 C\geq1 C ≥ 1 , ε > 0 \varepsilon>0 ε > 0
valid for η 0 ≤ η ≤ 1 / 40000 \eta_0\leq\eta\leq1/40000 η 0 ≤ η ≤ 1/40000 , 0 < α ≤ 1 0<\alpha\leq1 0 < α ≤ 1 ,
0 < b ≤ ε α 2 J 0<b\leq\varepsilon\alpha^{2J} 0 < b ≤ ε α 2 J , ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ ≤ b |u|+|w|\leq b ∣ u ∣ + ∣ w ∣ ≤ b .
Put y = y h ( Y ) y=y_h(Y) y = y h ( Y ) , E = ∣ y 3 ∣ ( ∣ y 1 ∣ + ∣ y 3 ∣ ) + y 2 2 E=|y_3|(|y_1|+|y_3|)+y_2^2 E = ∣ y 3 ∣ ( ∣ y 1 ∣ + ∣ y 3 ∣ ) + y 2 2 and
e = E s ∘ y h e=E_s\circ y_h e = E s ∘ y h . The tail is valid, e , Q h s e,Q_h^s e , Q h s are C 2 C^2 C 2 at Y Y Y , and
∣ e ( Y ) ∣ ≤ C α E , ∣ ∂ 0 e ( Y ) ∣ ≤ C E , |e(Y)|\leq C\alpha E,\quad |\partial_0e(Y)|\leq CE, ∣ e ( Y ) ∣ ≤ C α E , ∣ ∂ 0 e ( Y ) ∣ ≤ C E ,
∣ Q h s ( Y ) ∣ ≤ C α 3 E , ∣ ∂ 0 Q h s ( Y ) ∣ ≤ C α 2 E . |Q_h^s(Y)|\leq C\alpha^3E,\quad
|\partial_0Q_h^s(Y)|\leq C\alpha^2E. ∣ Q h s ( Y ) ∣ ≤ C α 3 E , ∣ ∂ 0 Q h s ( Y ) ∣ ≤ C α 2 E .