For real variables p , s , a , b , c p,s,a,b,c p , s , a , b , c , set
K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K . K=a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca),\qquad S=p^2+s^2,\qquad C=S+K. K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( ab + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K .
The shear components and wall rates are
P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a b − 2 b c + a c , P=Kp-2a^2+b^2+c^2+ab-2bc+ac, P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab − 2 b c + a c ,
Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + a b − a c ) , Q=Ks+\sqrt{3}(-b^2+c^2+ab-ac), Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + ab − a c ) ,
r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s . r_1=-S+2p,\qquad r_2=-S-p+\sqrt{3}s,\qquad r_3=-S-p-\sqrt{3}s. r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s .
These functions define the normalized vacuum Bianchi IX vector field
( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) (P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 y=(m,u,v,w)\in\mathbb R^4 y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 , define
K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( u v + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) , K(u,v,w)=u^2+v^2+w^2-2(uv+vw+wu),\qquad \kappa=u(v+w-u), K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( uv + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) ,
F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − m κ , F u = 1 2 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u , F_m=-v^2+w^2+u(v-w)-m\kappa,\qquad
F_u=\tfrac12(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)u, F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − mκ , F u = 2 1 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u ,
F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) , F_v=(m-1-\kappa)v,\qquad F_w=(-m-1-\kappa)w,\qquad
F=(F_m,F_u,F_v,F_w), F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) ,
and E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 E(m,v)=(m-1)^2+v^2 E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
For x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) x=(p,s,a,b,c) x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) , put
ψ ( p , z ) = 3 z 1 + p , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c ) ) . \psi(p,z)=\frac{\sqrt3\,z}{1+p},\qquad
\Pi(x)=(\psi(p,s),\psi(p,a),\psi(p,b),\psi(p,c)). ψ ( p , z ) = 1 + p 3 z , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c )) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , set D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(y)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) and
Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , A m 3 , A u 3 , A v 3 , A w 3 ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6 / D ( y ) ( y ) . \Xi_A(y)=\left(A-1,\frac{Am}{\sqrt3},\frac{Au}{\sqrt3},
\frac{Av}{\sqrt3},\frac{Aw}{\sqrt3}\right),\qquad
\Xi(y)=\Xi_{6/D(y)}(y). Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , 3 A m , 3 A u , 3 A v , 3 A w ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6/ D ( y ) ( y ) .
Write N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) N(x)=(P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) for the normalized vector field
and C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) \mathcal C(x)=C(p,s,a,b,c) C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) for its constraint.
The normalized and projective state spaces are R 5 \mathbb R^5 R 5 and R 4 \mathbb R^4 R 4
with their finite-product norms. The maps Π , Ξ , D , F \Pi,\Xi,D,F Π , Ξ , D , F act on these state spaces.
Define the core radius, angle, and clock factor by
r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 , θ ( m , v ) = arsinh 1 − m v , d ( r , u , w ) = 1 − ( u − w ) 2 r 2 . r(m,v)=\sqrt{(m-1)^2+v^2},\qquad
\theta(m,v)=\operatorname{arsinh}\frac{1-m}{v},\qquad
d(r,u,w)=1-\frac{(u-w)^2}{r^2}. r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 , θ ( m , v ) = arsinh v 1 − m , d ( r , u , w ) = 1 − r 2 ( u − w ) 2 .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , write r y = r ( m , v ) r_y=r(m,v) r y = r ( m , v ) , θ y = θ ( m , v ) \theta_y=\theta(m,v) θ y = θ ( m , v ) ,
and d y = d ( r y , u , w ) d_y=d(r_y,u,w) d y = d ( r y , u , w ) . All quotients use the total convention x / 0 = 0 x/0=0 x /0 = 0 .
The core state space is R 3 \mathbb R^3 R 3 with coordinates Y = ( r , u , p ) Y=(r,u,p) Y = ( r , u , p ) .
Define
η ( m , u , v , w ) = ( r ( m , v ) , u , v w ) , ι z ( r , u , p ) = ( 1 − r tanh z , u , r cosh z , p r / cosh z ) . \eta(m,u,v,w)=(r(m,v),u,vw),\qquad
\iota_z(r,u,p)=\left(1-r\tanh z,u,\frac r{\cosh z},
\frac p{r/\cosh z}\right). η ( m , u , v , w ) = ( r ( m , v ) , u , v w ) , ι z ( r , u , p ) = ( 1 − r tanh z , u , cosh z r , r / cosh z p ) .
For fixed ( z , Y ) (z,Y) ( z , Y ) put v = r / cosh z v=r/\cosh z v = r / cosh z , w = p / v w=p/v w = p / v , d = d ( r , u , w ) d=d(r,u,w) d = d ( r , u , w ) , and define
V ( z , Y ) = ( − κ ( u , v , w ) − tanh z ( u − w ) 2 / r d , u [ − r / 2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r ) ] d , − 2 p ( 1 + κ ( u , v , w ) ) r d ) . \mathcal V(z,Y)=\left(
\frac{-\kappa(u,v,w)-\tanh z\,(u-w)^2/r}{d},\quad
\frac{u[-r/2+\tanh z+w/\cosh z+(u^2-w^2)/(2r)]}{d},\quad
\frac{-2p(1+\kappa(u,v,w))}{rd}\right). V ( z , Y ) = ( d − κ ( u , v , w ) − tanh z ( u − w ) 2 / r , d u [ − r /2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r )] , r d − 2 p ( 1 + κ ( u , v , w )) ) .
For real k k k , put ε k = 1 / ( 10000 k ) \varepsilon_k=1/(10000k) ε k = 1/ ( 10000 k ) and define
K k = { ( m , u , v , w ) : ∣ E ( m , v ) − k 2 ∣ ≤ 1 / 8 , v ≥ 1 , 0 ≤ u ≤ ε k , 0 ≤ v w ≤ ε k } . \mathcal K_k=\{(m,u,v,w): |E(m,v)-k^2|\leq1/8,\quad v\geq1,
\quad0\leq u\leq\varepsilon_k,\quad0\leq vw\leq\varepsilon_k\}. K k = {( m , u , v , w ) : ∣ E ( m , v ) − k 2 ∣ ≤ 1/8 , v ≥ 1 , 0 ≤ u ≤ ε k , 0 ≤ v w ≤ ε k } .
Write X = R 5 X=\mathbb R^5 X = R 5 , Y = R 4 Y=\mathbb R^4 Y = R 4 , and let α x , t 0 \alpha_{x,t_0} α x , t 0 be the
maximal solution of α ′ = N ( α ) \alpha'=N(\alpha) α ′ = N ( α ) with initial value x x x at t 0 t_0 t 0
and domain I max ( x , t 0 ) I_{\max}(x,t_0) I m a x ( x , t 0 ) . Put
J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) , J_{x,t_0}(t)=d_x\alpha_{x,t_0}(t),\qquad
\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)=\Pi(\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)), J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t )) ,
J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y . \mathcal J_{y,t_0}(t)=d\Pi_{\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)}
\circ J_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)\circ d\Xi_y. J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y .
Write G ( y ) = 6 F ( y ) / D ( y ) G(y)=6F(y)/D(y) G ( y ) = 6 F ( y ) / D ( y ) , λ ( y ) = 6 r y d y / D ( y ) \lambda(y)=6r_yd_y/D(y) λ ( y ) = 6 r y d y / D ( y ) , and
S k ( R , U , P ) = ( R , k U , P ) S_k(R,U,P)=(R,kU,P) S k ( R , U , P ) = ( R , k U , P ) . Define
P y ξ = d η y ξ − d θ y ξ V ( θ y , η ( y ) ) , W y , t 0 , w ( t ) = P Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) ( J y , t 0 ( t ) w ) . \mathcal P_y\xi=d\eta_y\xi-d\theta_y\xi\,\mathcal V(\theta_y,\eta(y)),
\qquad \mathcal W_{y,t_0,w}(t)=
\mathcal P_{\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)}(\mathcal J_{y,t_0}(t)w). P y ξ = d η y ξ − d θ y ξ V ( θ y , η ( y )) , W y , t 0 , w ( t ) = P Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) ( J y , t 0 ( t ) w ) .
The entrance parametrization and radial exit factor are
e ( k , u , w ) = ( 1 + k 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) , e(k,u,w)=(1+\sqrt{k^2-1},u,1,w), e ( k , u , w ) = ( 1 + k 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) ,
f y = V ( θ y , η ( y ) ) 0 , c y = − tanh θ y , h y = c y + f y / r y , ρ y = c y / h y . f_y=\mathcal V(\theta_y,\eta(y))_0,\qquad c_y=-\tanh\theta_y,
\qquad h_y=c_y+f_y/r_y,\qquad \rho_y=c_y/h_y. f y = V ( θ y , η ( y ) ) 0 , c y = − tanh θ y , h y = c y + f y / r y , ρ y = c y / h y .
For projective initial data y y y , put
A y , t 0 ( t ) = 1 + ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) 0 . A_{y,t_0}(t)=1+(\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t))_0. A y , t 0 ( t ) = 1 + ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) 0 .
Coordinates of three-vectors are indexed by 0 , 1 , 2 0,1,2 0 , 1 , 2 ; projective
coordinates are indexed by m , u , v , w m,u,v,w m , u , v , w .
For real variables p , s , a , b , c p,s,a,b,c p , s , a , b , c , set
K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K . K=a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca),\qquad S=p^2+s^2,\qquad C=S+K. K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( ab + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K .
The shear components and wall rates are
P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a b − 2 b c + a c , P=Kp-2a^2+b^2+c^2+ab-2bc+ac, P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab − 2 b c + a c ,
Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + a b − a c ) , Q=Ks+\sqrt{3}(-b^2+c^2+ab-ac), Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + ab − a c ) ,
r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s . r_1=-S+2p,\qquad r_2=-S-p+\sqrt{3}s,\qquad r_3=-S-p-\sqrt{3}s. r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s .
These functions define the normalized vacuum Bianchi IX vector field
( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) (P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 y=(m,u,v,w)\in\mathbb R^4 y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 , define
K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( u v + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) , K(u,v,w)=u^2+v^2+w^2-2(uv+vw+wu),\qquad \kappa=u(v+w-u), K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( uv + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) ,
F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − m κ , F u = 1 2 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u , F_m=-v^2+w^2+u(v-w)-m\kappa,\qquad
F_u=\tfrac12(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)u, F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − mκ , F u = 2 1 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u ,
F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) , F_v=(m-1-\kappa)v,\qquad F_w=(-m-1-\kappa)w,\qquad
F=(F_m,F_u,F_v,F_w), F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) ,
and E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 E(m,v)=(m-1)^2+v^2 E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
For x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) x=(p,s,a,b,c) x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) , put
ψ ( p , z ) = 3 z 1 + p , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c ) ) . \psi(p,z)=\frac{\sqrt3\,z}{1+p},\qquad
\Pi(x)=(\psi(p,s),\psi(p,a),\psi(p,b),\psi(p,c)). ψ ( p , z ) = 1 + p 3 z , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c )) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , set D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(y)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) and
Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , A m 3 , A u 3 , A v 3 , A w 3 ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6 / D ( y ) ( y ) . \Xi_A(y)=\left(A-1,\frac{Am}{\sqrt3},\frac{Au}{\sqrt3},
\frac{Av}{\sqrt3},\frac{Aw}{\sqrt3}\right),\qquad
\Xi(y)=\Xi_{6/D(y)}(y). Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , 3 A m , 3 A u , 3 A v , 3 A w ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6/ D ( y ) ( y ) .
Write N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) N(x)=(P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) for the normalized vector field
and C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) \mathcal C(x)=C(p,s,a,b,c) C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) for its constraint.
The normalized and projective state spaces are R 5 \mathbb R^5 R 5 and R 4 \mathbb R^4 R 4
with their finite-product norms. The maps Π , Ξ , D , F \Pi,\Xi,D,F Π , Ξ , D , F act on these state spaces.
Define the core radius, angle, and clock factor by
r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 , θ ( m , v ) = arsinh 1 − m v , d ( r , u , w ) = 1 − ( u − w ) 2 r 2 . r(m,v)=\sqrt{(m-1)^2+v^2},\qquad
\theta(m,v)=\operatorname{arsinh}\frac{1-m}{v},\qquad
d(r,u,w)=1-\frac{(u-w)^2}{r^2}. r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 , θ ( m , v ) = arsinh v 1 − m , d ( r , u , w ) = 1 − r 2 ( u − w ) 2 .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , write r y = r ( m , v ) r_y=r(m,v) r y = r ( m , v ) , θ y = θ ( m , v ) \theta_y=\theta(m,v) θ y = θ ( m , v ) ,
and d y = d ( r y , u , w ) d_y=d(r_y,u,w) d y = d ( r y , u , w ) . All quotients use the total convention x / 0 = 0 x/0=0 x /0 = 0 .
The core state space is R 3 \mathbb R^3 R 3 with coordinates Y = ( r , u , p ) Y=(r,u,p) Y = ( r , u , p ) .
Define
η ( m , u , v , w ) = ( r ( m , v ) , u , v w ) , ι z ( r , u , p ) = ( 1 − r tanh z , u , r cosh z , p r / cosh z ) . \eta(m,u,v,w)=(r(m,v),u,vw),\qquad
\iota_z(r,u,p)=\left(1-r\tanh z,u,\frac r{\cosh z},
\frac p{r/\cosh z}\right). η ( m , u , v , w ) = ( r ( m , v ) , u , v w ) , ι z ( r , u , p ) = ( 1 − r tanh z , u , cosh z r , r / cosh z p ) .
For fixed ( z , Y ) (z,Y) ( z , Y ) put v = r / cosh z v=r/\cosh z v = r / cosh z , w = p / v w=p/v w = p / v , d = d ( r , u , w ) d=d(r,u,w) d = d ( r , u , w ) , and define
V ( z , Y ) = ( − κ ( u , v , w ) − tanh z ( u − w ) 2 / r d , u [ − r / 2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r ) ] d , − 2 p ( 1 + κ ( u , v , w ) ) r d ) . \mathcal V(z,Y)=\left(
\frac{-\kappa(u,v,w)-\tanh z\,(u-w)^2/r}{d},\quad
\frac{u[-r/2+\tanh z+w/\cosh z+(u^2-w^2)/(2r)]}{d},\quad
\frac{-2p(1+\kappa(u,v,w))}{rd}\right). V ( z , Y ) = ( d − κ ( u , v , w ) − tanh z ( u − w ) 2 / r , d u [ − r /2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r )] , r d − 2 p ( 1 + κ ( u , v , w )) ) .
At ( z , Y ) (z,Y) ( z , Y ) use the abbreviations
s = 1 / cosh z , c = − tanh z , δ = u − w , s=1/\cosh z,\quad c=-\tanh z,\quad \delta=u-w, s = 1/ cosh z , c = − tanh z , δ = u − w ,
C = u ( v + w − u ) , a = − r / 2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r ) , g = − C + c δ 2 / r . C=u(v+w-u),\quad a=-r/2+\tanh z+w/\cosh z+(u^2-w^2)/(2r),
\quad g=-C+c\delta^2/r. C = u ( v + w − u ) , a = − r /2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r ) , g = − C + c δ 2 / r .
Let Q ( z , Y ) = ( C , d , a , g ) \mathcal Q(z,Y)=(C,d,a,g) Q ( z , Y ) = ( C , d , a , g ) . Define the 4 × 3 4\times3 4 × 3 matrix H ( z , Y ) H(z,Y) H ( z , Y )
by its rows, in the order ( C , d , a , g ) (C,d,a,g) ( C , d , a , g ) and columns ( r , u , p ) (r,u,p) ( r , u , p ) :
H C = ( u ( s − w / r ) , v − 2 u + w , u / v ) , H_C=(u(s-w/r),\ v-2u+w,\ u/v), H C = ( u ( s − w / r ) , v − 2 u + w , u / v ) ,
H d = ( 2 δ ( u − 2 w ) / r 3 , − 2 δ / r 2 , 2 δ / ( v r 2 ) ) , H_d=(2\delta(u-2w)/r^3,\ -2\delta/r^2,\ 2\delta/(vr^2)), H d = ( 2 δ ( u − 2 w ) / r 3 , − 2 δ / r 2 , 2 δ / ( v r 2 )) ,
H a = ( − 1 / 2 − s w / r + ( 3 w 2 − u 2 ) / ( 2 r 2 ) , u / r , ( 1 − w / v ) / r ) , H_a=(-1/2-sw/r+(3w^2-u^2)/(2r^2),\ u/r,\ (1-w/v)/r), H a = ( − 1/2 − s w / r + ( 3 w 2 − u 2 ) / ( 2 r 2 ) , u / r , ( 1 − w / v ) / r ) ,
H g = ( − u ( s − w / r ) + c δ ( 3 w − u ) / r 2 , − ( v − 2 u + w ) + 2 c δ / r , − u / v − 2 c δ / ( r v ) ) . H_g=(-u(s-w/r)+c\delta(3w-u)/r^2,\
-(v-2u+w)+2c\delta/r,\ -u/v-2c\delta/(rv)). H g = ( − u ( s − w / r ) + cδ ( 3 w − u ) / r 2 , − ( v − 2 u + w ) + 2 cδ / r , − u / v − 2 cδ / ( r v )) .
Define the two rates and the 2 × 3 2\times3 2 × 3 matrix J J J by
L 0 ( z , Y ) = a / d , L 1 ( z , Y ) = − 2 ( 1 + C ) / ( r d ) , L_0(z,Y)=a/d,\qquad L_1(z,Y)=-2(1+C)/(rd), L 0 ( z , Y ) = a / d , L 1 ( z , Y ) = − 2 ( 1 + C ) / ( r d ) ,
J 0 j = H a j / d − a H d j / d 2 , J_{0j}=H_{aj}/d-aH_{dj}/d^2, J 0 j = H aj / d − a H d j / d 2 ,
J 1 j = δ j 0 2 ( 1 + C ) r 2 d − 2 H C j r d + 2 ( 1 + C ) H d j r d 2 , j = 0 , 1 , 2. J_{1j}=\delta_{j0}\frac{2(1+C)}{r^2d}
-\frac{2H_{Cj}}{rd}+\frac{2(1+C)H_{dj}}{rd^2},\qquad j=0,1,2. J 1 j = δ j 0 r 2 d 2 ( 1 + C ) − r d 2 H C j + r d 2 2 ( 1 + C ) H d j , j = 0 , 1 , 2.
Here δ j 0 \delta_{j0} δ j 0 is the Kronecker symbol. The total formulas are defined
also when a wall amplitude vanishes, and use x / 0 = 0 x/0=0 x /0 = 0 .
Define the rates in normalized time and the positive flow factors by
R ( y ) = λ ( y ) L ( θ y , η ( y ) ) , M i ( y , t 0 , a , b ) = exp ( ∫ a b R i ( Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) ) d t ) , i = 0 , 1. R(y)=\lambda(y)L(\theta_y,\eta(y)),\qquad
M_i(y,t_0,a,b)=\exp\left(\int_a^b R_i(\Psi_{t_0}(y,t))\,dt\right),
\quad i=0,1. R ( y ) = λ ( y ) L ( θ y , η ( y )) , M i ( y , t 0 , a , b ) = exp ( ∫ a b R i ( Ψ t 0 ( y , t )) d t ) , i = 0 , 1.
The interval integral is oriented and uses its total Bochner-integral
definition for every choice of endpoints and initial data.
For real k , z k,z k , z , define
Γ k ( z ) = 2 arctan ( sinh z ) + 24 10000 k z , C ∗ = exp ( 2 π + 48 10000 ) . \Gamma_k(z)=2\arctan(\sinh z)+\frac{24}{10000k}z,
\qquad C_* = \exp\left(2\pi+\frac{48}{10000}\right). Γ k ( z ) = 2 arctan ( sinh z ) + 10000 k 24 z , C ∗ = exp ( 2 π + 10000 48 ) .
Division at zero has its total real-field meaning.
Write r ( y ) = r ( y 0 , y 2 ) \mathfrak r(y)=r(y_0,y_2) r ( y ) = r ( y 0 , y 2 ) .
For a time function τ : R 4 → R \tau:\mathbb R^4\to\mathbb R τ : R 4 → R put
m i τ ( y ) = M i ( y , 0 , 0 , τ ( y ) ) m_i^\tau(y)=M_i(y,0,0,\tau(y)) m i τ ( y ) = M i ( y , 0 , 0 , τ ( y )) .
Let τ ↓ ( y ) \tau_\downarrow(y) τ ↓ ( y ) be the infimum of positive times in the normalized
maximal domain at which ( Ψ 0 ( y , t ) ) v = 1 (\Psi_0(y,t))_v=1 ( Ψ 0 ( y , t ) ) v = 1 with negative event rate, and set
F ↓ ( y ) = η ( Ψ 0 ( y , τ ↓ ( y ) ) ) F_\downarrow(y)=\eta(\Psi_0(y,\tau_\downarrow(y))) F ↓ ( y ) = η ( Ψ 0 ( y , τ ↓ ( y ))) .
The incoming condition means y v > 1 y_v>1 y v > 1 , or y v = 1 y_v=1 y v = 1 and y m ≥ 1 y_m\geq1 y m ≥ 1 .
Define
Q k ( u , p ; v , d z ) = ∣ v 0 ∣ + k ∣ v 1 ∣ + ∣ v 2 ∣ + ( k 2 u + p / k ) ∣ d z ∣ . Q_k(u,p;v,dz)=|v_0|+k|v_1|+|v_2|+(k^2u+p/k)|dz|. Q k ( u , p ; v , d z ) = ∣ v 0 ∣ + k ∣ v 1 ∣ + ∣ v 2 ∣ + ( k 2 u + p / k ) ∣ d z ∣.
All vector norms are supremum norms and operator norms are induced by them.
For real variables p , s , a , b , c p,s,a,b,c p , s , a , b , c , set
K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K . K=a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca),\qquad S=p^2+s^2,\qquad C=S+K. K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( ab + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K .
The shear components and wall rates are
P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a b − 2 b c + a c , P=Kp-2a^2+b^2+c^2+ab-2bc+ac, P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab − 2 b c + a c ,
Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + a b − a c ) , Q=Ks+\sqrt{3}(-b^2+c^2+ab-ac), Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + ab − a c ) ,
r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s . r_1=-S+2p,\qquad r_2=-S-p+\sqrt{3}s,\qquad r_3=-S-p-\sqrt{3}s. r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s .
These functions define the normalized vacuum Bianchi IX vector field
( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) (P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 y=(m,u,v,w)\in\mathbb R^4 y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 , define
K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( u v + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) , K(u,v,w)=u^2+v^2+w^2-2(uv+vw+wu),\qquad \kappa=u(v+w-u), K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( uv + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) ,
F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − m κ , F u = 1 2 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u , F_m=-v^2+w^2+u(v-w)-m\kappa,\qquad
F_u=\tfrac12(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)u, F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − mκ , F u = 2 1 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u ,
F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) , F_v=(m-1-\kappa)v,\qquad F_w=(-m-1-\kappa)w,\qquad
F=(F_m,F_u,F_v,F_w), F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) ,
and E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 E(m,v)=(m-1)^2+v^2 E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
For x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) x=(p,s,a,b,c) x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) , put
ψ ( p , z ) = 3 z 1 + p , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c ) ) . \psi(p,z)=\frac{\sqrt3\,z}{1+p},\qquad
\Pi(x)=(\psi(p,s),\psi(p,a),\psi(p,b),\psi(p,c)). ψ ( p , z ) = 1 + p 3 z , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c )) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , set D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(y)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) and
Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , A m 3 , A u 3 , A v 3 , A w 3 ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6 / D ( y ) ( y ) . \Xi_A(y)=\left(A-1,\frac{Am}{\sqrt3},\frac{Au}{\sqrt3},
\frac{Av}{\sqrt3},\frac{Aw}{\sqrt3}\right),\qquad
\Xi(y)=\Xi_{6/D(y)}(y). Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , 3 A m , 3 A u , 3 A v , 3 A w ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6/ D ( y ) ( y ) .
Write N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) N(x)=(P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) for the normalized vector field
and C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) \mathcal C(x)=C(p,s,a,b,c) C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) for its constraint.
The normalized and projective state spaces are R 5 \mathbb R^5 R 5 and R 4 \mathbb R^4 R 4
with their finite-product norms. The maps Π , Ξ , D , F \Pi,\Xi,D,F Π , Ξ , D , F act on these state spaces.
Define the core radius, angle, and clock factor by
r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 , θ ( m , v ) = arsinh 1 − m v , d ( r , u , w ) = 1 − ( u − w ) 2 r 2 . r(m,v)=\sqrt{(m-1)^2+v^2},\qquad
\theta(m,v)=\operatorname{arsinh}\frac{1-m}{v},\qquad
d(r,u,w)=1-\frac{(u-w)^2}{r^2}. r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 , θ ( m , v ) = arsinh v 1 − m , d ( r , u , w ) = 1 − r 2 ( u − w ) 2 .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , write r y = r ( m , v ) r_y=r(m,v) r y = r ( m , v ) , θ y = θ ( m , v ) \theta_y=\theta(m,v) θ y = θ ( m , v ) ,
and d y = d ( r y , u , w ) d_y=d(r_y,u,w) d y = d ( r y , u , w ) . All quotients use the total convention x / 0 = 0 x/0=0 x /0 = 0 .
The core state space is R 3 \mathbb R^3 R 3 with coordinates Y = ( r , u , p ) Y=(r,u,p) Y = ( r , u , p ) .
Define
η ( m , u , v , w ) = ( r ( m , v ) , u , v w ) , ι z ( r , u , p ) = ( 1 − r tanh z , u , r cosh z , p r / cosh z ) . \eta(m,u,v,w)=(r(m,v),u,vw),\qquad
\iota_z(r,u,p)=\left(1-r\tanh z,u,\frac r{\cosh z},
\frac p{r/\cosh z}\right). η ( m , u , v , w ) = ( r ( m , v ) , u , v w ) , ι z ( r , u , p ) = ( 1 − r tanh z , u , cosh z r , r / cosh z p ) .
For fixed ( z , Y ) (z,Y) ( z , Y ) put v = r / cosh z v=r/\cosh z v = r / cosh z , w = p / v w=p/v w = p / v , d = d ( r , u , w ) d=d(r,u,w) d = d ( r , u , w ) , and define
V ( z , Y ) = ( − κ ( u , v , w ) − tanh z ( u − w ) 2 / r d , u [ − r / 2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r ) ] d , − 2 p ( 1 + κ ( u , v , w ) ) r d ) . \mathcal V(z,Y)=\left(
\frac{-\kappa(u,v,w)-\tanh z\,(u-w)^2/r}{d},\quad
\frac{u[-r/2+\tanh z+w/\cosh z+(u^2-w^2)/(2r)]}{d},\quad
\frac{-2p(1+\kappa(u,v,w))}{rd}\right). V ( z , Y ) = ( d − κ ( u , v , w ) − tanh z ( u − w ) 2 / r , d u [ − r /2 + tanh z + w / cosh z + ( u 2 − w 2 ) / ( 2 r )] , r d − 2 p ( 1 + κ ( u , v , w )) ) .
For real k k k , put ε k = 1 / ( 10000 k ) \varepsilon_k=1/(10000k) ε k = 1/ ( 10000 k ) and define
K k = { ( m , u , v , w ) : ∣ E ( m , v ) − k 2 ∣ ≤ 1 / 8 , v ≥ 1 , 0 ≤ u ≤ ε k , 0 ≤ v w ≤ ε k } . \mathcal K_k=\{(m,u,v,w): |E(m,v)-k^2|\leq1/8,\quad v\geq1,
\quad0\leq u\leq\varepsilon_k,\quad0\leq vw\leq\varepsilon_k\}. K k = {( m , u , v , w ) : ∣ E ( m , v ) − k 2 ∣ ≤ 1/8 , v ≥ 1 , 0 ≤ u ≤ ε k , 0 ≤ v w ≤ ε k } .
Write X = R 5 X=\mathbb R^5 X = R 5 , Y = R 4 Y=\mathbb R^4 Y = R 4 , and let α x , t 0 \alpha_{x,t_0} α x , t 0 be the
maximal solution of α ′ = N ( α ) \alpha'=N(\alpha) α ′ = N ( α ) with initial value x x x at t 0 t_0 t 0
and domain I max ( x , t 0 ) I_{\max}(x,t_0) I m a x ( x , t 0 ) . Put
J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) , J_{x,t_0}(t)=d_x\alpha_{x,t_0}(t),\qquad
\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)=\Pi(\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)), J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t )) ,
J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y . \mathcal J_{y,t_0}(t)=d\Pi_{\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)}
\circ J_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)\circ d\Xi_y. J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y .
Write G ( y ) = 6 F ( y ) / D ( y ) G(y)=6F(y)/D(y) G ( y ) = 6 F ( y ) / D ( y ) , λ ( y ) = 6 r y d y / D ( y ) \lambda(y)=6r_yd_y/D(y) λ ( y ) = 6 r y d y / D ( y ) , and
S k ( R , U , P ) = ( R , k U , P ) S_k(R,U,P)=(R,kU,P) S k ( R , U , P ) = ( R , k U , P ) . Define
P y ξ = d η y ξ − d θ y ξ V ( θ y , η ( y ) ) , W y , t 0 , w ( t ) = P Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) ( J y , t 0 ( t ) w ) . \mathcal P_y\xi=d\eta_y\xi-d\theta_y\xi\,\mathcal V(\theta_y,\eta(y)),
\qquad \mathcal W_{y,t_0,w}(t)=
\mathcal P_{\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)}(\mathcal J_{y,t_0}(t)w). P y ξ = d η y ξ − d θ y ξ V ( θ y , η ( y )) , W y , t 0 , w ( t ) = P Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) ( J y , t 0 ( t ) w ) .
The entrance parametrization and radial exit factor are
e ( k , u , w ) = ( 1 + k 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) , e(k,u,w)=(1+\sqrt{k^2-1},u,1,w), e ( k , u , w ) = ( 1 + k 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) ,
f y = V ( θ y , η ( y ) ) 0 , c y = − tanh θ y , h y = c y + f y / r y , ρ y = c y / h y . f_y=\mathcal V(\theta_y,\eta(y))_0,\qquad c_y=-\tanh\theta_y,
\qquad h_y=c_y+f_y/r_y,\qquad \rho_y=c_y/h_y. f y = V ( θ y , η ( y ) ) 0 , c y = − tanh θ y , h y = c y + f y / r y , ρ y = c y / h y .
For projective initial data y y y , put
A y , t 0 ( t ) = 1 + ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) 0 . A_{y,t_0}(t)=1+(\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t))_0. A y , t 0 ( t ) = 1 + ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) 0 .
Coordinates of three-vectors are indexed by 0 , 1 , 2 0,1,2 0 , 1 , 2 ; projective
coordinates are indexed by m , u , v , w m,u,v,w m , u , v , w .
For Y ∈ R 3 Y\in\mathbb R^3 Y ∈ R 3 , put x Y = Ξ ( e ( Y ) ) x_Y=\Xi(e(Y)) x Y = Ξ ( e ( Y )) ,
β Y ( t ) = Ψ 0 ( e ( Y ) , t ) \beta_Y(t)=\Psi_0(e(Y),t) β Y ( t ) = Ψ 0 ( e ( Y ) , t ) , and
H Y = { t > 0 : t ∈ I max ( x Y , 0 ) , ( β Y ( t ) ) v = 1 } , T ( Y ) = inf H Y , F ( Y ) = η ( β Y ( T ( Y ) ) ) . H_Y=\{t>0:t\in I_{\max}(x_Y,0),\ (\beta_Y(t))_v=1\},
\qquad T(Y)=\inf H_Y,\qquad F(Y)=\eta(\beta_Y(T(Y))). H Y = { t > 0 : t ∈ I m a x ( x Y , 0 ) , ( β Y ( t ) ) v = 1 } , T ( Y ) = inf H Y , F ( Y ) = η ( β Y ( T ( Y ))) .
The infimum uses the total real-order convention. Write Valid ( Y ) \operatorname{Valid}(Y) Valid ( Y )
when T ( Y ) T(Y) T ( Y ) is the least element of H Y H_Y H Y , every t ∈ [ 0 , T ( Y ) ] t\in[0,T(Y)] t ∈ [ 0 , T ( Y )] lies in
I max ( x Y , 0 ) I_{\max}(x_Y,0) I m a x ( x Y , 0 ) with A e ( Y ) , 0 ( t ) > 0 A_{e(Y),0}(t)>0 A e ( Y ) , 0 ( t ) > 0 , the active wall is strictly
above one for 0 < t < T ( Y ) 0<t<T(Y) 0 < t < T ( Y ) , and
d g α x Y , 0 ( T ( Y ) ) N ( α x Y , 0 ( T ( Y ) ) ) < 0 , g ( x ) = ( Π ( x ) ) v . dg_{\alpha_{x_Y,0}(T(Y))}N(\alpha_{x_Y,0}(T(Y)))<0,
\qquad g(x)=(\Pi(x))_v. d g α x Y , 0 ( T ( Y )) N ( α x Y , 0 ( T ( Y ))) < 0 , g ( x ) = ( Π ( x ) ) v .
All vector and operator norms below use the finite-product supremum norm.
For real variables p , s , a , b , c p,s,a,b,c p , s , a , b , c , set
K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K . K=a^2+b^2+c^2-2(ab+bc+ca),\qquad S=p^2+s^2,\qquad C=S+K. K = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2 ( ab + b c + c a ) , S = p 2 + s 2 , C = S + K .
The shear components and wall rates are
P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + a b − 2 b c + a c , P=Kp-2a^2+b^2+c^2+ab-2bc+ac, P = K p − 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab − 2 b c + a c ,
Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + a b − a c ) , Q=Ks+\sqrt{3}(-b^2+c^2+ab-ac), Q = K s + 3 ( − b 2 + c 2 + ab − a c ) ,
r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s . r_1=-S+2p,\qquad r_2=-S-p+\sqrt{3}s,\qquad r_3=-S-p-\sqrt{3}s. r 1 = − S + 2 p , r 2 = − S − p + 3 s , r 3 = − S − p − 3 s .
These functions define the normalized vacuum Bianchi IX vector field
( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) (P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 y=(m,u,v,w)\in\mathbb R^4 y = ( m , u , v , w ) ∈ R 4 , define
K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( u v + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) , K(u,v,w)=u^2+v^2+w^2-2(uv+vw+wu),\qquad \kappa=u(v+w-u), K ( u , v , w ) = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − 2 ( uv + v w + w u ) , κ = u ( v + w − u ) ,
F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − m κ , F u = 1 2 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u , F_m=-v^2+w^2+u(v-w)-m\kappa,\qquad
F_u=\tfrac12(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)u, F m = − v 2 + w 2 + u ( v − w ) − mκ , F u = 2 1 ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) u ,
F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) , F_v=(m-1-\kappa)v,\qquad F_w=(-m-1-\kappa)w,\qquad
F=(F_m,F_u,F_v,F_w), F v = ( m − 1 − κ ) v , F w = ( − m − 1 − κ ) w , F = ( F m , F u , F v , F w ) ,
and E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 E(m,v)=(m-1)^2+v^2 E ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
For x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) x=(p,s,a,b,c) x = ( p , s , a , b , c ) , put
ψ ( p , z ) = 3 z 1 + p , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c ) ) . \psi(p,z)=\frac{\sqrt3\,z}{1+p},\qquad
\Pi(x)=(\psi(p,s),\psi(p,a),\psi(p,b),\psi(p,c)). ψ ( p , z ) = 1 + p 3 z , Π ( x ) = ( ψ ( p , s ) , ψ ( p , a ) , ψ ( p , b ) , ψ ( p , c )) .
For y = ( m , u , v , w ) y=(m,u,v,w) y = ( m , u , v , w ) , set D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(y)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( y ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) and
Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , A m 3 , A u 3 , A v 3 , A w 3 ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6 / D ( y ) ( y ) . \Xi_A(y)=\left(A-1,\frac{Am}{\sqrt3},\frac{Au}{\sqrt3},
\frac{Av}{\sqrt3},\frac{Aw}{\sqrt3}\right),\qquad
\Xi(y)=\Xi_{6/D(y)}(y). Ξ A ( y ) = ( A − 1 , 3 A m , 3 A u , 3 A v , 3 A w ) , Ξ ( y ) = Ξ 6/ D ( y ) ( y ) .
Write N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) N(x)=(P,Q,r_1a,r_2b,r_3c) N ( x ) = ( P , Q , r 1 a , r 2 b , r 3 c ) for the normalized vector field
and C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) \mathcal C(x)=C(p,s,a,b,c) C ( x ) = C ( p , s , a , b , c ) for its constraint.
The normalized and projective state spaces are R 5 \mathbb R^5 R 5 and R 4 \mathbb R^4 R 4
with their finite-product norms. The maps Π , Ξ , D , F \Pi,\Xi,D,F Π , Ξ , D , F act on these state spaces.
The projective vector field in normalized time is
G ( y ) = 6 D ( y ) F ( y ) . G(y)=\frac6{D(y)}F(y). G ( y ) = D ( y ) 6 F ( y ) .
Write X = R 5 X=\mathbb R^5 X = R 5 , Y = R 4 Y=\mathbb R^4 Y = R 4 , and let α x , t 0 \alpha_{x,t_0} α x , t 0 be the
maximal solution of α ′ = N ( α ) \alpha'=N(\alpha) α ′ = N ( α ) with initial value x x x at t 0 t_0 t 0
and domain I max ( x , t 0 ) I_{\max}(x,t_0) I m a x ( x , t 0 ) . Put
J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ) , J_{x,t_0}(t)=d_x\alpha_{x,t_0}(t),\qquad
\Psi_{t_0}(y,t)=\Pi(\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)), J x , t 0 ( t ) = d x α x , t 0 ( t ) , Ψ t 0 ( y , t ) = Π ( α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t )) ,
J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y . \mathcal J_{y,t_0}(t)=d\Pi_{\alpha_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)}
\circ J_{\Xi(y),t_0}(t)\circ d\Xi_y. J y , t 0 ( t ) = d Π α Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ J Ξ ( y ) , t 0 ( t ) ∘ d Ξ y .
Put c = u ( v + w − u ) c=u(v+w-u) c = u ( v + w − u ) , s ( m , u , v , w ) = m − 1 − c s(m,u,v,w)=m-1-c s ( m , u , v , w ) = m − 1 − c ,
b ( m , u , v , w ) = ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) / 2 b(m,u,v,w)=(1-m^2-(v-w)^2+u^2)/2 b ( m , u , v , w ) = ( 1 − m 2 − ( v − w ) 2 + u 2 ) /2 ,
D ( m , u , v , w ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) D(m,u,v,w)=3+m^2+K(u,v,w) D ( m , u , v , w ) = 3 + m 2 + K ( u , v , w ) , and r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 r(m,v)=\sqrt{(m-1)^2+v^2} r ( m , v ) = ( m − 1 ) 2 + v 2 .
Define
C μ = { ( m , u , v , w ) : ∣ − m − μ ∣ ≤ 1 / 2 , 0 ≤ u ≤ 1 / 10000 , 0 ≤ v , w ≤ 1 } , \mathcal C_\mu=\{(m,u,v,w):|-m-\mu|\leq1/2,
\ 0\leq u\leq1/10000,\ 0\leq v,w\leq1\}, C μ = {( m , u , v , w ) : ∣ − m − μ ∣ ≤ 1/2 , 0 ≤ u ≤ 1/10000 , 0 ≤ v , w ≤ 1 } ,
ω − ( y ) = s ( − y m , y u , y v , y w ) , H ( y ) = F ( y ) / ω − ( y ) . \omega_-(y)=s(-y_m,y_u,y_v,y_w),\qquad H(y)=F(y)/\omega_-(y). ω − ( y ) = s ( − y m , y u , y v , y w ) , H ( y ) = F ( y ) / ω − ( y ) .
For a normalized trajectory write
β ( t ) = Π ( α x , t 0 ( t ) ) , A ( t ) = 1 + ( α x , t 0 ( t ) ) 0 , I = I max ( x , t 0 ) . \beta(t)=\Pi(\alpha_{x,t_0}(t)),\quad A(t)=1+(\alpha_{x,t_0}(t))_0,
\quad I=I_{\max}(x,t_0). β ( t ) = Π ( α x , t 0 ( t )) , A ( t ) = 1 + ( α x , t 0 ( t ) ) 0 , I = I m a x ( x , t 0 ) .
For p = ( μ , u , w ) ∈ R 3 p=(\mu,u,w)\in\mathbb R^3 p = ( μ , u , w ) ∈ R 3 , set e ( p ) = ( − μ , u , 1 , w ) e(p)=(-\mu,u,1,w) e ( p ) = ( − μ , u , 1 , w ) ,
x p = Ξ ( e ( p ) ) x_p=\Xi(e(p)) x p = Ξ ( e ( p )) , and
T − ( p ) = inf { t > 0 : t ∈ I max ( x p , 0 ) , ( Ψ 0 ( e ( p ) , t ) ) w = 1 } , P − ( p ) = Ψ 0 ( e ( p ) , T − ( p ) ) . T_-(p)=\inf\{t>0:t\in I_{\max}(x_p,0),\ (\Psi_0(e(p),t))_w=1\},
\qquad P_-(p)=\Psi_0(e(p),T_-(p)). T − ( p ) = inf { t > 0 : t ∈ I m a x ( x p , 0 ) , ( Ψ 0 ( e ( p ) , t ) ) w = 1 } , P − ( p ) = Ψ 0 ( e ( p ) , T − ( p )) .
Let V − ( p ) V_-(p) V − ( p ) mean that this infimum is a least element, the full interval
[ 0 , T − ( p ) ] [0,T_-(p)] [ 0 , T − ( p )] lies in the maximal domain with positive A A A , the growing wall
is below one before the endpoint, and its normalized-time derivative is
strictly positive at the endpoint. The infimum has its total real-order meaning.
Write e + ( R , u , w ) = ( 1 + R 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) e_+(R,u,w)=(1+\sqrt{R^2-1},u,1,w) e + ( R , u , w ) = ( 1 + R 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) ,
e − ( R , u , w ) = ( 1 − R 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) e_-(R,u,w)=(1-\sqrt{R^2-1},u,1,w) e − ( R , u , w ) = ( 1 − R 2 − 1 , u , 1 , w ) ,
p − ( R , u , w ) = ( R 2 − 1 − 1 , u , w ) p_-(R,u,w)=(\sqrt{R^2-1}-1,u,w) p − ( R , u , w ) = ( R 2 − 1 − 1 , u , w ) , and
R ( m , u , v , w ) = ( − m , u , w , v ) \mathcal R(m,u,v,w)=(-m,u,w,v) R ( m , u , v , w ) = ( − m , u , w , v ) .
The physical connection coordinates are
C ( p ) = ( ( − P − ( p ) 0 − 1 ) 2 + 1 , P − ( p ) 1 , P − ( p ) 2 ) . \mathscr C(p)=\left(\sqrt{(-P_-(p)_0-1)^2+1},P_-(p)_1,P_-(p)_2\right). C ( p ) = ( ( − P − ( p ) 0 − 1 ) 2 + 1 , P − ( p ) 1 , P − ( p ) 2 ) .
Below T T T denotes the canonical core return time from e + e_+ e + and
F ( Y ) = η ( Ψ 0 ( e + ( Y ) , T ( Y ) ) ) F(Y)=\eta(\Psi_0(e_+(Y),T(Y))) F ( Y ) = η ( Ψ 0 ( e + ( Y ) , T ( Y ))) its radial and wall coordinates.
Let R ( Y ) = C ( p − ( Y ) ) \mathscr R(Y)=\mathscr C(p_-(Y)) R ( Y ) = C ( p − ( Y )) , t r ( Y ) = T − ( p − ( Y ) ) t_r(Y)=T_-(p_-(Y)) t r ( Y ) = T − ( p − ( Y )) ,
G = R ∘ F G=\mathscr R\circ F G = R ∘ F , and t G ( Y ) = T ( Y ) + t r ( F ( Y ) ) t_G(Y)=T(Y)+t_r(F(Y)) t G ( Y ) = T ( Y ) + t r ( F ( Y )) .
A cone direction at Y Y Y has d 0 = 1 d_0=1 d 0 = 1 ,
∣ d 1 ∣ ≤ Y 1 |d_1|\leq\sqrt{Y_1} ∣ d 1 ∣ ≤ Y 1 , ∣ d 2 ∣ ≤ Y 2 |d_2|\leq\sqrt{Y_2} ∣ d 2 ∣ ≤ Y 2 .
For a map H H H with positive output walls, its positive cone property means
d H ( Y ) d dH(Y)d d H ( Y ) d has positive radial component and
∣ ( d H ( Y ) d ) i ∣ ≤ H ( Y ) i ( d H ( Y ) d ) 0 |(dH(Y)d)_i|\leq\sqrt{H(Y)_i}(dH(Y)d)_0 ∣ ( d H ( Y ) d ) i ∣ ≤ H ( Y ) i ( d H ( Y ) d ) 0 for i = 1 , 2 i=1,2 i = 1 , 2 .
Assume k ≥ 6 k\geq6 k ≥ 6 ,
y ∈ K k y\in\mathcal K_k y ∈ K k , r ( y ) = k \mathfrak r(y)=k r ( y ) = k , the incoming condition,
Z ≥ 0 Z\geq0 Z ≥ 0 , 2 cosh Z ≤ k 2\cosh Z\leq k 2 cosh Z ≤ k , θ y ≤ Z \theta_y\leq Z θ y ≤ Z ,
0 < ε ≤ 10 − 4 0<\varepsilon\leq10^{-4} 0 < ε ≤ 1 0 − 4 , and
0 < y 1 , y 2 y 3 ≤ ε / k 0<y_1,y_2y_3\leq\varepsilon/k 0 < y 1 , y 2 y 3 ≤ ε / k .
Let T = τ ↓ ( y ) T=\tau_\downarrow(y) T = τ ↓ ( y ) , o = Ψ 0 ( y , T ) o=\Psi_0(y,T) o = Ψ 0 ( y , T ) and p = p − ( F ↓ ( y ) ) p=p_-(F_\downarrow(y)) p = p − ( F ↓ ( y )) .
Then o = ( − p 0 , p 1 , 1 , p 2 ) o=(-p_0,p_1,1,p_2) o = ( − p 0 , p 1 , 1 , p 2 ) and
4 ≤ p 0 , k / 2 ≤ p 0 < k , 0 < p 1 ≤ ε / p 0 , 0 < p 2 ≤ ε , 4\leq p_0,\quad k/2\leq p_0<k,\quad
0<p_1\leq\varepsilon/p_0,\quad0<p_2\leq\varepsilon, 4 ≤ p 0 , k /2 ≤ p 0 < k , 0 < p 1 ≤ ε / p 0 , 0 < p 2 ≤ ε ,
p 1 ≤ y 1 e − k / 12 , p 2 ≤ y 2 y 3 , ( p 0 + 1 ) 2 + 1 = r ( o ) . p_1\leq y_1e^{-k/12},\quad p_2\leq y_2y_3,\quad
\sqrt{(p_0+1)^2+1}=\mathfrak r(o). p 1 ≤ y 1 e − k /12 , p 2 ≤ y 2 y 3 , ( p 0 + 1 ) 2 + 1 = r ( o ) .
The normalized chart clock is positive at T T T , the connection is valid,
T − T_- T − and P − P_- P − are C 2 C^2 C 2 at p p p , and
P − ( p ) = Ψ 0 ( y , T + T − ( p ) ) P_-(p)=\Psi_0(y,T+T_-(p)) P − ( p ) = Ψ 0 ( y , T + T − ( p )) .