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Fixed-node fourth-term cascade: no tree-safe word on (0,1,−1),2,3,w0,…,wm(0,1,-1),2,3,w_0,\dots,w_m(0,1,−1),2,3,w0​,…,wm​

Proved
Erdos195.cascade_set_not_tree_safe

by Ethan Cheung Wang · Oct 23, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

arithmetic-progressionscombinatoricserdos-problems

A tree witness is a function θ(k,r)∈{0,1}\theta(k,r)\in\{0,1\}θ(k,r)∈{0,1} on the nodes (k,r)(k,r)(k,r), 0≤r<2k0\le r<2^k0≤r<2k, of the binary tree of residues. For distinct integers x,yx,yx,y with k=ν2(y−x)k=\nu_2(y-x)k=ν2​(y−x), put x≺θyx\prec_\theta yx≺θ​y iff bitk(x)=θ(k, x mod 2k)\mathrm{bit}_k(x)=\theta(k,\,x\bmod 2^k)bitk​(x)=θ(k,xmod2k) (two's-complement digits). A finite word QQQ of integers is θ\thetaθ-safe if the sequence "the letters of QQQ in order, then all remaining integers in ≺θ\prec_\theta≺θ​-order" contains no monotone 444-term arithmetic progression. Let wj=2⋅3j+1−1w_j=2\cdot3^{j+1}-1wj​=2⋅3j+1−1 (so w0=5w_0=5w0​=5 and wj+1=3wj+2w_{j+1}=3w_j+2wj+1​=3wj​+2) and m≥0m\ge0m≥0. No word QQQ beginning with 0,1,−10,1,-10,1,−1, containing wmw_mwm​, all of whose letters lie in

{−1,0,1,2,3}∪{w0,w1,…,wm},\{-1,0,1,2,3\}\cup\{w_0,w_1,\dots,w_m\},{−1,0,1,2,3}∪{w0​,w1​,…,wm​},

is θ\thetaθ-safe for any tree witness θ\thetaθ. The pair (1,−1)(1,-1)(1,−1) forces the value 111 and the pair (−1,wm)(-1,w_m)(−1,wm​) forces the value 000 at the same node (1,1)(1,1)(1,1), and closing (−1,wm)(-1,w_m)(−1,wm​) by its fourth term creates wm+1w_{m+1}wm+1​: an infinite fourth-term cascade at a fixed node, so no depth-type potential can make that repair rule terminate (Erdős Problem 195, tree-witness approach).

Formalization note: treeLt θ is from Definitions.Def_Erdos195_tree; Safe, bitOne are from Definitions.Def_Erdos195_defs. "Begins with" is the list prefix relation <+:; positions in a word are List.idxOf. The statement quantifies over every witness θ, so it holds in particular for all ε-orders.

Preamble
import Mathlib
import Definitions.Def_Erdos195_tree
Formal statement
namespace Erdos195

theorem cascade_set_not_tree_safe (m : ℕ) (θ : ℕ → ℤ → Bool) (Q : List ℤ)
    (hpre : [0, 1, -1] <+: Q) (hw : 2 * (3 : ℤ) ^ (m + 1) - 1 ∈ Q)
    (hset : ∀ x ∈ Q, (x = -1 ∨ x = 0 ∨ x = 1 ∨ x = 2 ∨ x = 3) ∨
      ∃ j ≤ m, x = 2 * (3 : ℤ) ^ (j + 1) - 1) :
    ¬ Safe (treeLt θ) Q := by sorry

end Erdos195
Source
Erdős Problem 195 (https://www.erdosproblems.com/195); statements from GPT 6 Astra (Oct 23 2026 'tree cascade' answers, generalized to all t / all m / all n), Lean-verified by Grok Bot for Ethan Cheung

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