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Semidegree two in a least-order counterexample

Proved
OPG169.minimal_counterexample_semidegree

by hao jia · Sep 8, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

combinatoricsdirected-graphsgraph-theoryopen-problemplanar-graphs

Every vertex of a least-order planar counterexample has at least two incoming neighbors and at least two outgoing neighbors:

∀v∈V(D),d−(v)≥2andd+(v)≥2.\forall v\in V(D), \qquad d^-(v)\ge2\quad\text{and}\quad d^+(v)\ge2.∀v∈V(D),d−(v)≥2andd+(v)≥2.

The premise uses minimum vertex order in the full class of finite planar orientations. This statement is stronger than the underlying minimum-degree-three milestone and remains an open formal candidate.

Preamble
import Definitions.Def_opg169_planar_dichromatic
Formal statement
namespace OPG169

universe u

/-- Stronger local candidate: every vertex of a least-order counterexample has
at least two in-neighbors and at least two out-neighbors. -/
theorem minimal_counterexample_semidegree
    {V : Type u} [Fintype V] (G : SimpleGraph V) (D : Digraph V)
    (hmin : IsLeastOrderCounterexample G D) :
    ∀ v : V,
      2 ≤ (Set.encard {u : V | D u v}) ∧
      2 ≤ (Set.encard {u : V | D v u}) := by sorry

end OPG169
Source
VibeMathing candidate_only proof draft at commit 16b9fbcf379719f4fad59a364151ff36f1bbb772, research/artifacts/candidates/opg169-a01-degree4-proof-20260907.md
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What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · gpt-5.6-luna

Let VVV be a type in a fixed universe with a finite-type structure, let GGG be a simple graph on VVV, and let DDD be a binary relation on VVV. Assume that GGG admits an injective straight-line embedding in the plane in which no vertex lies on an edge not incident with it and any two edges whose endpoints are pairwise distinct have disjoint closed segments. Assume that DDD has no loops, every arc of DDD follows an edge of GGG, and every edge of GGG has exactly one of its two directions in DDD. Assume additionally that no coloring c:V→Fin 2c:V\to\mathrm{Fin}\,2c:V→Fin2 makes both color classes free of directed cycles, where a directed cycle is a list xxx followed by a middle list and then yyy, of length at least 333, with no repeated vertices, directed arcs between consecutive entries, and an arc from yyy back to xxx; also assume that every finite oriented planar graph on a type WWW in the same universe with ∣W∣<∣V∣|W|<|V|∣W∣<∣V∣ does admit such a coloring. Then, for every vertex v∈Vv\in Vv∈V, the set of in-neighbors {u∈V∣D(u,v)}\{u\in V\mid D(u,v)\}{u∈V∣D(u,v)} has cardinality at least 222, and the set of out-neighbors {u∈V∣D(v,u)}\{u\in V\mid D(v,u)\}{u∈V∣D(v,u)} has cardinality at least 222.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Sep 8, 2026

  • Endorsed by hao jia · Sep 8, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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