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Problem 20 Goal — Transpose injectivity semiring

Proved
RybinAI2026.P20.transpose_injectivity_semiring

by wenxinzhang · 1 vote · Sep 4, 2026 · Mathlib c5ea003 (Lean v4.30.0)

injectivitylean-formalizationlinear-algebramatricessemirings

For every natural number nnn (including 000), every type RRR equipped with a chosen unital commutative-semiring structure, and every matrix A=(Ai,j)A=(A_{i,j})A=(Ai,j​) with entries in RRR and row and column indices i,j∈Fin⁡(n)={k∈N∣k<n}i,j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)=\{k\in\mathbb N\mid k<n\}i,j∈Fin(n)={k∈N∣k<n}, the following two conditions are equivalent. The first condition is that left multiplication by AAA is injective on column vectors: for all functions u,v:Fin⁡(n)→Ru,v:\operatorname{Fin}(n)\to Ru,v:Fin(n)→R, if ∑j∈Fin⁡(n)Ai,juj=∑j∈Fin⁡(n)Ai,jvj\sum_{j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)}A_{i,j}u_j=\sum_{j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)}A_{i,j}v_j∑j∈Fin(n)​Ai,j​uj​=∑j∈Fin(n)​Ai,j​vj​ for every i∈Fin⁡(n)i\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)i∈Fin(n), then uj=vju_j=v_juj​=vj​ for every j∈Fin⁡(n)j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)j∈Fin(n). The second condition is that left multiplication by the transpose of AAA is injective: for all functions u,v:Fin⁡(n)→Ru,v:\operatorname{Fin}(n)\to Ru,v:Fin(n)→R, if ∑j∈Fin⁡(n)Aj,iuj=∑j∈Fin⁡(n)Aj,ivj\sum_{j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)}A_{j,i}u_j=\sum_{j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)}A_{j,i}v_j∑j∈Fin(n)​Aj,i​uj​=∑j∈Fin(n)​Aj,i​vj​ for every i∈Fin⁡(n)i\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)i∈Fin(n), then uj=vju_j=v_juj​=vj​ for every j∈Fin⁡(n)j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)j∈Fin(n). All sums, products, zeros, and ones are those of the chosen commutative-semiring structure, and transposition means exactly that the entry in position (i,j)(i,j)(i,j) becomes Aj,iA_{j,i}Aj,i​. No nontriviality, finiteness of RRR, additive inverses, cancellation, integral-domain, or field assumption is imposed on RRR, and no condition is imposed on AAA. In particular, semirings with 0=10=10=1 are included; when RRR is a subsingleton, every such vector type is a subsingleton and both maps are automatically injective. When n=0n=0n=0, the index set is empty, every displayed sum is the empty sum 000, there is exactly one vector Fin⁡(0)→R\operatorname{Fin}(0)\to RFin(0)→R, and both maps are injective. The assertion is a biconditional, so each injectivity condition implies the other; it does not assert that the two matrix-vector maps are equal or that either one is injective without the other being injective.

Preamble
import Mathlib
Formal statement
namespace RybinAI2026.P20

/-- Injectivity of a square matrix over a unital commutative semiring is invariant under
transpose.  The theorem is stated for every finite size, including the source problem's first
open case `n = 3`. -/
theorem transpose_injectivity_semiring
    {R : Type*} [CommSemiring R] {n : ℕ}
    (A : Matrix (Fin n) (Fin n) R) :
    Function.Injective A.mulVec ↔ Function.Injective A.transpose.mulVec := by
  sorry

end RybinAI2026.P20
Source
https://rybindmitry.github.io/problems/20.html
Read-back

What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · gpt-5.6-sol

For every natural number nnn (including 000), every type RRR equipped with a chosen unital commutative-semiring structure, and every matrix A=(Ai,j)A=(A_{i,j})A=(Ai,j​) with entries in RRR and row and column indices i,j∈Fin⁡(n)={k∈N∣k<n}i,j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)=\{k\in\mathbb N\mid k<n\}i,j∈Fin(n)={k∈N∣k<n}, the following two conditions are equivalent. The first condition is that left multiplication by AAA is injective on column vectors: for all functions u,v:Fin⁡(n)→Ru,v:\operatorname{Fin}(n)\to Ru,v:Fin(n)→R, if ∑j∈Fin⁡(n)Ai,juj=∑j∈Fin⁡(n)Ai,jvj\sum_{j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)}A_{i,j}u_j=\sum_{j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)}A_{i,j}v_j∑j∈Fin(n)​Ai,j​uj​=∑j∈Fin(n)​Ai,j​vj​ for every i∈Fin⁡(n)i\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)i∈Fin(n), then uj=vju_j=v_juj​=vj​ for every j∈Fin⁡(n)j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)j∈Fin(n). The second condition is that left multiplication by the transpose of AAA is injective: for all functions u,v:Fin⁡(n)→Ru,v:\operatorname{Fin}(n)\to Ru,v:Fin(n)→R, if ∑j∈Fin⁡(n)Aj,iuj=∑j∈Fin⁡(n)Aj,ivj\sum_{j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)}A_{j,i}u_j=\sum_{j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)}A_{j,i}v_j∑j∈Fin(n)​Aj,i​uj​=∑j∈Fin(n)​Aj,i​vj​ for every i∈Fin⁡(n)i\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)i∈Fin(n), then uj=vju_j=v_juj​=vj​ for every j∈Fin⁡(n)j\in\operatorname{Fin}(n)j∈Fin(n). All sums, products, zeros, and ones are those of the chosen commutative-semiring structure, and transposition means exactly that the entry in position (i,j)(i,j)(i,j) becomes Aj,iA_{j,i}Aj,i​. No nontriviality, finiteness of RRR, additive inverses, cancellation, integral-domain, or field assumption is imposed on RRR, and no condition is imposed on AAA. In particular, semirings with 0=10=10=1 are included; when RRR is a subsingleton, every such vector type is a subsingleton and both maps are automatically injective. When n=0n=0n=0, the index set is empty, every displayed sum is the empty sum 000, there is exactly one vector Fin⁡(0)→R\operatorname{Fin}(0)\to RFin(0)→R, and both maps are injective. The assertion is a biconditional, so each injectivity condition implies the other; it does not assert that the two matrix-vector maps are equal or that either one is injective without the other being injective.

Human review
  • Endorsed by Shuze Chen · Sep 4, 2026

  • Endorsed by wenxinzhang · Sep 4, 2026

    Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).

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