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A transcendence-degree-one field as quotients of integer polynomials in ω and ω₁

Proved
FourExp.trdeg_one_presentation

by carlok · Sep 16, 2026 · Mathlib 0df444a (Lean v4.33.1)

four-exponentialsnumber-theorytranscendence

Presenting the field. Let x1,x2x_1, x_2x1​,x2​ be Q\mathbb{Q}Q-linearly independent, and likewise y1,y2y_1, y_2y1​,y2​. Suppose every exiyje^{x_iy_j}exi​yj​ is algebraic and trdeg⁡QQ[x1,x2,y1,y2]≤1\operatorname{trdeg}_{\mathbb{Q}}\mathbb{Q}[x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2] \le 1trdegQ​Q[x1​,x2​,y1​,y2​]≤1. Then there are ω,ω1∈C\omega, \omega_1 \in \mathbb{C}ω,ω1​∈C such that ω\omegaω is transcendental; ω1\omega_1ω1​ is a root of Q∈Z[X][Y]Q \in \mathbb{Z}[X][Y]Q∈Z[X][Y], monic in YYY of degree d≥1d \ge 1d≥1 and minimal, in the sense that no non-zero A∈Z[X][Y]A \in \mathbb{Z}[X][Y]A∈Z[X][Y] with deg⁡YA<d\deg_Y A < ddegY​A<d vanishes at (ω,ω1)(\omega, \omega_1)(ω,ω1​); and D,Ei,Gj,Hij∈Z[X][Y]D, E_i, G_j, H_{ij} \in \mathbb{Z}[X][Y]D,Ei​,Gj​,Hij​∈Z[X][Y] with D(ω,ω1)≠0D(\omega,\omega_1) \ne 0D(ω,ω1​)=0, xiD=Eix_i D = E_ixi​D=Ei​, yjD=Gjy_j D = G_jyj​D=Gj​ and exiyjD=Hije^{x_iy_j} D = H_{ij}exi​yj​D=Hij​ at (ω,ω1)(\omega, \omega_1)(ω,ω1​). Evaluation is A↦A(ω)(ω1)A \mapsto A(\omega)(\omega_1)A↦A(ω)(ω1​) via eval₂.

Proof sketch. By Hermite–Lindemann ω=x1y1\omega = x_1y_1ω=x1​y1​ is transcendental, since it is non-zero with algebraic exponential. The field generated by x,yx, yx,y and the exponentials is finite over Q(ω)\mathbb{Q}(\omega)Q(ω). A primitive element, scaled by a polynomial in ω\omegaω, becomes ω1\omega_1ω1​, integral over Z[ω]\mathbb{Z}[\omega]Z[ω] with a monic minimal relation QQQ. Clearing denominators gives DDD, EEE, GGG and HHH.

Role. It is the opening of the 1973 §III, in integral form, for FourExp.construction_core_1973.

About the hypotheses. They are contradictory: that is the four exponentials theorem in transcendence degree one, which this subtree proves. This node is a step of that proof by contradiction, so its proof must not use the theorem.

Preamble
import Mathlib
Formal statement
namespace FourExp

theorem trdeg_one_presentation
    (x₁ x₂ y₁ y₂ : ℂ) (hx : LinearIndependent ℚ ![x₁, x₂]) (hy : LinearIndependent ℚ ![y₁, y₂])
    (hexp : ∀ i j : Fin 2, IsAlgebraic ℚ (Complex.exp (![x₁, x₂] i * ![y₁, y₂] j)))
    (htr : Algebra.trdeg ℚ ↥(Algebra.adjoin ℚ ({x₁, x₂, y₁, y₂} : Set ℂ)) ≤ 1) :
    ∃ ω ω₁ : ℂ, Transcendental ℚ ω ∧ ∃ Q : Polynomial (Polynomial ℤ),
        Q.Monic ∧ 0 < Q.natDegree ∧ Polynomial.eval₂ (Polynomial.eval₂RingHom (Int.castRingHom ℂ) ω) ω₁ Q = 0 ∧
        (∀ A : Polynomial (Polynomial ℤ), A.natDegree < Q.natDegree → Polynomial.eval₂ (Polynomial.eval₂RingHom (Int.castRingHom ℂ) ω) ω₁ A = 0 → A = 0) ∧
        ∃ (D : Polynomial (Polynomial ℤ)) (E G : Fin 2 → Polynomial (Polynomial ℤ)) (H : Fin 2 → Fin 2 → Polynomial (Polynomial ℤ)),
          Polynomial.eval₂ (Polynomial.eval₂RingHom (Int.castRingHom ℂ) ω) ω₁ D ≠ 0 ∧ (∀ i, ![x₁, x₂] i * Polynomial.eval₂ (Polynomial.eval₂RingHom (Int.castRingHom ℂ) ω) ω₁ D = Polynomial.eval₂ (Polynomial.eval₂RingHom (Int.castRingHom ℂ) ω) ω₁ (E i)) ∧
          (∀ j, ![y₁, y₂] j * Polynomial.eval₂ (Polynomial.eval₂RingHom (Int.castRingHom ℂ) ω) ω₁ D = Polynomial.eval₂ (Polynomial.eval₂RingHom (Int.castRingHom ℂ) ω) ω₁ (G j)) ∧
          (∀ i j, Complex.exp (![x₁, x₂] i * ![y₁, y₂] j) * Polynomial.eval₂ (Polynomial.eval₂RingHom (Int.castRingHom ℂ) ω) ω₁ D = Polynomial.eval₂ (Polynomial.eval₂RingHom (Int.castRingHom ℂ) ω) ω₁ (H i j)) := by
  sorry

end FourExp
Source
M. Waldschmidt, Solution du huitième problème de Schneider, J. Number Theory 5 (1973), 191–202, §III, opening paragraphs.

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